Carisoprodol - Wikipedia

Carisoprodol, sold under the brand name Soma among others, is a medication used for musculoskeletal pain. ... Use is only approved for up to three weeks. Carisoprodol FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Musclerelaxantmedication CarisoprodolClinicaldataPronunciation/kərˌaɪsʌˈproʊdɒl/kər-EYE-suh-PROH-dolTradenamesSoma,others[1]AHFS/Drugs.comMonographMedlinePlusa682578Licensedata US DailyMed: Carisoprodol Pregnancycategory C RoutesofadministrationBymouthDrugclassCarbamateATCcodeM03BA02(WHO)LegalstatusLegalstatus US:ScheduleIV PharmacokineticdataProteinbinding60%MetabolismLiver(CYP2C19-mediated)MetabolitesMeprobamateOnsetofactionRapid(30minutes[2][failedverification])Eliminationhalf-life2.5hours[12hours[nb1]]ExcretionKidneyIdentifiers IUPACname (RS)-2-{[(aminocarbonyl)oxy]methyl}-2-methylpentylisopropylcarbamate CASNumber78-44-4 YPubChemCID2576IUPHAR/BPS7610DrugBankDB00395 YChemSpider2478 YUNII21925K482HKEGGD00768 YChEBICHEBI:3419 YChEMBLChEMBL1233 YCompToxDashboard(EPA)DTXSID8024733ECHAInfoCard100.001.017ChemicalandphysicaldataFormulaC12H24N2O4Molarmass260.334 g·mol−13Dmodel(JSmol)Interactiveimage SMILES O=C(N)OCC(C)(CCC)COC(=O)NC(C)C InChI InChI=1S/C12H24N2O4/c1-5-6-12(4,7-17-10(13)15)8-18-11(16)14-9(2)3/h9H,5-8H2,1-4H3,(H2,13,15)(H,14,16) YKey:OFZCIYFFPZCNJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y   (verify) Carisoprodol,soldunderthebrandnameSomaamongothers,isamedicationusedformusculoskeletalpain.[3]Useisonlyapprovedforuptothreeweeks.[3]Effectsgenerallybeginwithinhalfanhourandlastforuptosixhours.[3]Itistakenorally.[3] Commonsideeffectsincludeheadache,dizziness,andsleepiness.[3]Serioussideeffectmayincludeaddiction,allergicreactions,andseizures.[3]Inpeoplewithasulfaallergycertainformulationsmayresultinproblems.[3]Safetyduringpregnancyandbreastfeedingisnotclear.[3][4]Howitworksisnotclear.[3]Someofitseffectsarebelievedtooccurfollowingbeingconvertedintomeprobamate.[3] CarisoprodolwasapprovedformedicaluseintheUnitedStatesin1959.[3]ItsapprovalinEuropewaswithdrawnin2008.[5]Itisavailableasagenericmedication.[3]In2017,itwasthe255thmostcommonlyprescribedmedicationintheUnitedStates,withmorethanonemillionprescriptions.[6][7]IntheUnitedStates,itisaScheduleIVcontrolledsubstance.[3] Contents 1Medicaluses 2Sideeffects 2.1Withdrawal 2.2Non-medicaluse 3Overdose 4Pharmacology 4.1Pharmacodynamics 4.2Pharmacokinetics 5History 6Usageandlegalstatus 6.1Norway 6.2EuropeanUnion 6.3UnitedStates 6.4Canada 6.5Indonesia 7Notes 8References 9Furtherreading 10Externallinks Medicaluses[edit] SomadrilComp.–combinationmusclerelaxantmedicationcontainingcarisoprodol,paracetamol(acetaminophen),andcaffeine Carisoprodolismeanttobeusedalongwithrest,physicaltherapyandothermeasuretorelaxmusclesafterstrains,sprainsandmuscleinjuries.[8]Itcomesintabletformatandistakenbythemouththreetimesadayandbeforebed.[8] Sideeffects[edit] Theusualdoseof350 mgisunlikelytoengenderprominentsideeffectsotherthansomnolence,andmildtosignificanteuphoriaordysphoria,buttheeuphoriaisgenerallyshort-livedduetothefastmetabolismofcarisoprodolintomeprobamateandothermetabolites;theeuphoriaderivedis,accordingtonewresearch,mostlikelyduetocarisoprodol'sinherent,potentanxiolyticeffectsthatarefarstrongerthanthoseproducedbyitsprimarymetabolite,meprobamate,whichisoftenmisblamedforthedrug-seekingassociatedwithcarisoprodol,ascarisoprodolitselfisresponsibleforthesignificantlymoreintensecentralnervoussystemeffectsthanmeprobamatealone.Carisoprodolhasaunique,[9]qualitativelydifferentsetofeffectsfromthatofmeprobamate(Miltown).Themedicationiswelltoleratedandwithoutadverseeffectsinthemajorityofpatientsforwhomitisindicated.Insomepatients,however,and/orearlyintherapy,carisoprodolcanhavethefullspectrumofsedativesideeffectsandcanimpairthepatient'sabilitytooperateafirearm,motorvehicles,andothermachineryofvarioustypes,especiallywhentakenwithmedicationscontainingalcohol,inwhichcaseanalternativemedicationwouldbeconsidered.Theintensityofthesideeffectsofcarisoprodoltendstolessenastherapycontinues,asisthecasewithmanyotherdrugs.Othersideeffectsinclude:dizziness,clumsiness,headache,fastheartrate,upsetstomach,vomitingandskinrash.[8] Theinteractionofcarisoprodolwithessentiallyallopioids,andothercentrallyactinganalgesics,butespeciallycodeine,thoseofthecodeine-derivedsubgroupofthesemisyntheticclass(ethylmorphine,dihydrocodeine,hydrocodone,oxycodone,nicocodeine,benzylmorphine,thevariousacetylatedcodeinederivativesincludingacetyldihydrocodeine,dihydroisocodeine,nicodicodeineandothers)whichallowstheuseofasmallerdoseoftheopioidtohaveagiveneffect,isusefulingeneralandespeciallywhereskeletalmuscleinjuryand/orspasmisalargepartoftheproblem.Thepotentiationeffectisalsousefulinotherpainsituationsandisalsoespeciallyusefulwithopioidsoftheopen-chainclass,suchasmethadone,levomethadone,ketobemidone,phenadoxoneandothers.Inrecreationaldrugusers,deathshaveresultedfromcombiningdosesofhydrocodoneandcarisoprodol.Anotherdangerofmisuseofcarisoprodolandopiatesisthepotentialtoaspiratewhileunconscious.[citationneeded] Meprobamateandothermuscle-relaxingdrugsoftenweresubjectsofmisuseinthe1950sand60s.[10][11]Overdosecaseswerereportedasearlyas1957,andhavebeenreportedonseveraloccasionssincethen.[12][13][14][15][16][17][18] Carisoprodolismetabolizedbytheliverandexcretedbythekidneyssothisdrugmustbeusedwithcautionwithpatientsthathaveimpairedhepaticorrenalfunction.[19]Becauseofpotentialformoreseveresideeffects,thisdrugisonthelisttoavoidforelderlypeople.[20] Withdrawal[edit] Carisoprodol,meprobamate,andrelateddrugssuchastybamate,havethepotentialtoproducephysicaldependenceofthebarbituratetypefollowingperiodsofprolongeduse.Withdrawalofthedrugafterextensiveusemayrequirehospitalizationinmedicallycompromisedpatients.Inseverecasesthewithdrawalcanmimicthesymptomsofalcoholwithdrawalincludingthepotentiallylethalstatusepilepticus. Psychologicaldependencehasalsobeenlinkedtocarisoprodoluse[21]althoughthisismuchlessseverethanwithmeprobamateitself(presumablyduetothesloweronsetofeffects).Psychologicaldependenceismorecommoninthosewhousecarisoprodolnon-medicallyandthosewhohaveahistoryofsubstanceuse(particularlysedativesoralcohol).Itmayreachclinicalsignificancebeforephysiologicaltoleranceanddependencehaveoccurredand(aswithbenzodiazepines)hasbeendemonstratedtopersisttovaryingdegreesofseverityformonthsoryearsafterdiscontinuation. Discontinuationofcarisoprodol,aswithallGABA-ergics,canresultincognitivechangeswhichpersistforweeks,months,orrarelyevenyearsincludinggreatlyincreasedanxietyanddepression,socialwithdrawal,hair-triggeragitation/aggression,chronicinsomnia,neworaggravated(oftenillogical)phobias,reducedIQ,shorttermandlong-termmemoryloss,anddozensofothersequelae.[22]Theeffects,severity,anddurationappeartobeslightlydose-dependentbutaremainlydeterminedbythepatientspatternofuse(takenasprescribed,takeninbulkdoses,mixedwithotherdrugs,acombinationoftheabove,etc.),geneticpredispositiontosubstanceuse,andahistoryofsubstanceuseallincreasethepatientsriskofpersistentdiscontinuationsyndromesymptoms. Treatmentforphysicalwithdrawalgenerallyinvolvesswitchingthepatienttoalong-actingbenzodiazepinesuchasdiazepamorclonazepamthenslowlytitratingthemoffthereplacementdrugcompletelyataratewhichisbothreasonablycomfortableforthepatientbutrapidenoughforthemanagingphysiciantoconsidertherateofprogressacceptable(overlyrapiddosereductiongreatlyincreasestheriskofpatientnon-compliancesuchastheuseofillicitlyobtainedalternativesedativesand/oralcohol).Psychotherapyandcognitivebehavioraltherapyhavedemonstratedmoderatesuccessinreducingthereboundanxietywhichresultsuponcarisoprodoldiscontinuationbutonlywhencombinedwithregularandactiveattendancetoasubstanceusesupportgroup.[citationneeded] Carisoprodolwithdrawalcanbelife-threatening(especiallyinhighdoseusersandthosewhoattempttoquit"coldturkey").Medicalsupervisionisrecommended,withgradualreductionofdoseofcarisoprodolorasubstitutedmedication,typicalofotherdepressantdrugs. Non-medicaluse[edit] Combiningamusclerelaxantlikecarisoprodolwithopioidsandbenzodiazepinesisreferredtoas"TheHolyTrinity"asithasbeenreportedtoincreasethepowerofthe"high".[23] Recreationalusersofcarisoprodolusuallyseekitspotentiallyheavysedating,relaxant,andanxiolyticeffects.[24]Also,becauseofitspotentiatingeffectsonnarcotics,itisoftenusedinconjunctionwithmanyopioiddrugs.Alsoitisnotdetectedonstandarddrugtestingscreens.On26March2010theDEAissuedaNoticeofHearingonproposedrulemakinginrespecttotheplacementofcarisoprodolinscheduleIVoftheControlledSubstancesAct.[25]TheDEAendedupclassifyingitunderscheduleIV.[26]Carisoprodolissometimesmixedwithdaterapedrugs.[27] Manyoverdoseshaveresultedfromrecreationaluserscombiningthesedrugstocombinetheirindividualeffectswithoutbeingawareoftheenzyme-inductioninducedpotentiation.[medicalcitationneeded] Overdose[edit] AswithotherGABAergicdrugs,combinationwithotherGABAergicdrugs,includingalcohol,aswellaswithsedativesingeneral,possessasignificantrisktotheuserintheformofoverdose.OverdosesymptomsaresimilartothoseofotherGABAergicsincludingexcessivesedationandunresponsivenesstostimuli,severeataxia,amnesia,confusion,agitation,intoxicationandinappropriate(potentiallyviolent)behavior.Severeoverdosesmaypresentwithrespiratorydepression(andsubsequentpulmonaryaspiration),coma,anddeath.[citationneeded] Carisoprodolisnotdetectedonalltoxicologytestswhichmaydelaydiagnosisofoverdose.Overdosesymptomsincombinationwithopiatesaresimilarbutaredistinguishedbythepresentationofnormalorpinpointpupils,whicharegenerallyunresponsivetolight.Carisoprodol(aswithitsmetabolitemeprobamate)isparticularlydangerousincombinationwithalcohol.Flumazenil(thebenzodiazepineantidote)isnoteffectiveinthemanagementofcarisoprodoloverdoseascarisoprodolactsatthebarbituratebindingsite.Treatmentmirrorsthatofbarbiturateoverdosesandisgenerallysupportive,includingtheadministrationofmechanicalrespirationandpressorsasimplicated(andinrarecases,bemegride).Totalamnesiaoftheexperienceisnotuncommonfollowingrecovery.[citationneeded] In2014actressSkyeMcColeBartusiakdiedofanoverdoseduetothecombinedeffectsofcarisoprodol,hydrocodoneanddifluoroethane.[28] Pharmacology[edit] Pharmacodynamics[edit] Carisoprodol,hasachemicalstructuresimilartoGlutamate,aneurotransmitter,anddimethylglycine.Uponanalysis,thispharmacologicalagentseemstobeanagonistoftheNMDAreceptor,withanunknown[Km]. SinceexcessGlutamatecausesexcitotoxicityandneuronalapoptosis,CarisoprodoloverdosemayalsoleadtoNMDArelatedtoxicity,thusinducingseizuresathighdoses,andmusclerelaxationuponadministration. Carisoprodol'sstructuralsimilaritytoMeprobamateindicatesGABAergicactivity,includingGABAAagonism,similartothemechanismofbenzodiazepines.[29] Thiswillallowforfurthermusclerelaxationandanxietyreduction.Therefore,Carisoprodol,atlowtomoderatedosages,maybeclinicallyindicatedforabsentseizures,yetexacerbateTonic-clonicseizures. Pharmacokinetics[edit] Carisoprodolhasarapid,30-minuteonsetofaction,withtheaforementionedeffectslastingabouttwotosixhours.ItismetabolizedintheliverviathecytochromeP450oxidaseisozymeCYP2C19,excretedbythekidneysandhasaboutaneight-hourhalf-life.InpatientswithlowlevelsofCYP2C19(poormetabolizers),standarddosescanleadtoincreasedconcentrationsofcarisoprodol(up-toafour-foldincrease).[30]Aconsiderableproportionofcarisoprodolismetabolizedtomeprobamate,whichisaknownaddictivesubstance;thiscouldaccountfortheaddictivepotentialofcarisoprodol(meprobamatelevelsreachhigherpeakplasmalevelsthancarisoprodolitselffollowingadministration).Asmentionedabove,carisoprodolappearstohavestronganxiolyticeffectsonitsown;however,alargepartofitseffectsalsocomefromthefactthatitismetabolizedintomeprobamate:atleasta25%ofthecarisoprodoladministeredwillbetransformedintomeprobamatewhichmeansthatmeprobamateis3.25×strongerthancarisoprodol(althoughthisratevariesfrompersontopersonaccordingtotheirlevelsofCYP2C19enzymesintheirliverswithsomepeoplehavingconsiderablyhigherlevels)or,inotherwords,200 mgofmeprobamate(whichistheloweststandarddose)isequivalentto650 mgofcarisoprodol.[2]Assuch,meprobamateisbelievedtoplayasignificantroleintheeffectsofcarisoprodolandmeprobamate'slonghalf-liferesultsinbioaccumulationfollowingextendedperiodsofcarisoprodoladministration. Itisslightlysolubleinwaterandfreelysolubleinethanol,chloroformandacetone.Thedrug'ssolubilityispracticallyindependentofpH. History[edit] On1June1959,severalAmericanpharmacologistsconvenedatWayneStateUniversityinDetroit,Michigantodiscussanewdrug.Thedrug,originallythoughttohaveantisepticproperties,wasfoundtohavecentralmuscle-relaxingproperties.[31]IthadbeendevelopedbyFrankBergeratWallaceLaboratoriesandwasnamedcarisoprodol. Carisoprodolwasamodificationofmeprobamate,intendedtohavebettermusclerelaxingproperties,lesspotentialforaddiction,andalowerriskofoverdose.[32]Thesubstitutionofonehydrogenatomwithanisopropylgroupononeofthecarbamylnitrogenswasintendedtoyieldamoleculewithnewpharmacologicalproperties. Usageandlegalstatus[edit] Norway[edit] ReportsfromNorwayhaveshowncarisoprodolhasaddictivepotential[33]asaprodrugofmeprobamateand/orpotentiatorofhydrocodone,oxycodone,codeine,andsimilardrugs.InMay2008itwastakenoffthemarketinNorway.[34] EuropeanUnion[edit] IntheEU,theEuropeanMedicinesAgencyissuedareleaserecommendingmemberstatessuspendmarketingauthorizationforthisproductinthetreatmentofacute(notchronic)backpain.[35] AsofNovember2007,carisoprodolhasbeentakenoffthemarketinSwedenduetoproblemswithdependenceandsideeffects.Theagencyoverseeingpharmaceuticalsconsideredotherdrugsusedwiththesameindicationsascarisoprodoltohavethesameorbettereffectswithouttherisksofthedrug.[36] UnitedStates[edit] Until12December2011,whentheadministratoroftheDrugEnforcementAdministration(DEA)issuedthefinalrulingplacingthesubstancecarisoprodolintoScheduleIVoftheControlledSubstancesAct(CSA),carisoprodolwasnotacontrolledsubstance.TheplacementofcarisoprodolintoScheduleIVwaseffective11January2012.[37] Carisoprodolisavailablegenericallyas350 mgand,morerecently,250 mgtablets.Compoundedtabletswithacetaminophenandcodeinearealsoavailable.[38] Canada[edit] Federally,carisoprodolisaprescriptiondrug(ScheduleI,sub-scheduleF1).[39]Provincialregulationsvary.[40]Itisnolongerreadilyavailable.[medicalcitationneeded] Indonesia[edit] InSeptember2013,carisoprodolwastakenoffthemarketduetoproblemswithdiversion,dependenceandsideeffects. InSeptember2017,onechilddiedand50hadseizureswhenPCC,whichstandsfor"ParacetamolCaffeineCarisoprodol"wasmixed(probablyillicit)intochildren'sdrinksinelementaryandjuniorhighschoolsinKendari.[41] Notes[edit] ^Atleast25%ofthecarisoprodolinthebodyistransformedbytheliverintomeprobamate,itsmainactivemetabolite,whichinturnhasahalf-lifeof10hours.[2] References[edit] ^"Carisoprodol".drugs.com.Retrieved16April2017. ^abcCarrascoA(13September2019)."LetraC(Carisoprodol)".InCarrascoRuizMA,ChavezPulidoX,MoralesE(eds.).DiccionariodeEspecialidadesFarmaceúticasPLM.Diccion(inSpanish).Vol. I(65th ed.).MexicoCity:PLMLatinoamérica.p. 222.ISBN 978-607-625-072-3.Retrieved13June2021. ^abcdefghijklm"CarisoprodolMonographforProfessionals".Drugs.com.AmericanSocietyofHealth-SystemPharmacists.Retrieved8April2019. ^"DailyMed-carisoprodoltablet".dailymed.nlm.nih.gov.Retrieved8April2019. ^"Carisoprodol".EuropeanMedicinesAgency.15November2007.Retrieved8April2019. ^"TheTop300of2020".ClinCalc.Retrieved11April2020. ^"Carisoprodol-DrugUsageStatistics".ClinCalc.Retrieved11April2020. ^abc"Carisoprodol".MedlinePlus.NationalLibraryofMedicine.Retrieved6May2019. ^mechanismofaction ^KaminI,ShaskanDA(June1959)."Deathduetomassiveoverdoseofmeprobamate".TheAmericanJournalofPsychiatry.115(12):1123–4.doi:10.1176/ajp.115.12.1123-a.PMID 13649976. ^HollisterLE(1983)."Thepre-benzodiazepineera".JournalofPsychoactiveDrugs.15(1–2):9–13.doi:10.1080/02791072.1983.10472117.PMID 6350551. ^GaillardY,BillaultF,PépinG(May1997)."Meprobamateoverdosage:acontinuingproblem.SensitiveGC-MSquantitationaftersolidphaseextractionin19fatalcases".ForensicScienceInternational.86(3):173–80.doi:10.1016/S0379-0738(97)02128-2.PMID 9180026. ^AllenMD,GreenblattDJ,NoelBJ(December1977)."Meprobamateoverdosage:acontinuingproblem".ClinicalToxicology.11(5):501–15.doi:10.3109/15563657708988216.PMID 608316. ^KintzP,TracquiA,ManginP,LugnierAA(June1988)."Fatalmeprobamateself-poisoning".TheAmericanJournalofForensicMedicineandPathology.9(2):139–40.doi:10.1097/00000433-198806000-00009.PMID 3381792. ^EeckhoutE,HuyghensL,LoefB,MaesV,SennesaelJ(1988)."Meprobamatepoisoning,hypotensionandtheSwan-Ganzcatheter".IntensiveCareMedicine.14(4):437–8.doi:10.1007/BF00262904.PMID 3403779.S2CID 2784867. ^LhosteF,LemaireF,RapinM(April1977)."Treatmentofhypotensioninmeprobamatepoisoning".TheNewEnglandJournalofMedicine.296(17):1004.doi:10.1056/NEJM197704282961717.PMID 846530. ^BedsonHS(February1959)."Comaduetomeprobamateintoxication;reportofacaseconfirmedbychemicalanalysis".Lancet.1(7067):288–90.doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(59)90209-0.PMID 13632000. ^BlumbergAG,RosettHL,DobrowA(September1959)."Severehypotensivereactionsfollowingmeprobamateoverdosage".AnnalsofInternalMedicine.51(3):607–12.doi:10.7326/0003-4819-51-3-607.PMID 13801701. ^"CARISOPRODOL".TOXNET.NationalLibraryofMedicine.Retrieved6May2019. ^NCQA'sHEDISMeasure:UseofHighRiskMedicationsintheElderlyArchived1February2010attheWaybackMachine ^"WhatisCarisoprodolusedfor?".PainoSomamedicines.19March2021.Retrieved29April2021. ^BarkerMJ,GreenwoodKM,JacksonM,CroweSF(April2004)."Persistenceofcognitiveeffectsafterwithdrawalfromlong-termbenzodiazepineuse:ameta-analysis".ArchivesofClinicalNeuropsychology.19(3):437–54.doi:10.1016/S0887-6177(03)00096-9.PMID 15033227. ^HorsfallJT,SpragueJE(February2017)."ThePharmacologyandToxicologyofthe'HolyTrinity'".Basic&ClinicalPharmacology&Toxicology.120(2):115–119.doi:10.1111/bcpt.12655.PMID 27550152.S2CID 25909460. ^"DEADrugs&ChemicalsofConcern"Carisoprodol"".Archivedfromtheoriginalon17April2011.Retrieved29April2011. ^"SchedulesofControlledSubstances:PlacementofCarisoprodolIntoScheduleIV;AnnouncementofHearing".Archivedfromtheoriginalon15July2011.Retrieved19April2010. ^"Carisoprodol"(PDF).DrugEnforcementAdministration,DiversionControlDivision,Drug&ChemicalEvaluationSection.U.S.DepartmentofJustice.December2019. ^MadeaB,MusshoffF(May2009)."Knock-outdrugs:theirprevalence,modesofaction,andmeansofdetection".DeutschesÄrzteblattInternational.106(20):341–7.doi:10.3238/arztebl.2009.0341.PMC 2689633.PMID 19547737. ^DukeA(22July2014)."'Patriot'actressSkyeMcColeBartusiakdeadat21".CNNEntertainment.Retrieved24February2019. ^Conermann,Till;Christian,Desirae(2022),"Carisoprodol",StatPearls,TreasureIsland(FL):StatPearlsPublishing,PMID 31971718,retrieved23February2022 ^Dean,Laura(4April2017)."CarisoprodolTherapyandCYP2C19Genotype".MedicalGeneticsSummaries. ^MillerJG,ed.Thepharmacologyandclinicalusefulnessofcarisoprodol.Detroit:WayneStateUniversity;1959. ^BergerFM,KletzkinM,LudwigBJ,MargolinS(March1960)."Thehistory,chemistry,andpharmacologyofcarisoprodol".AnnalsoftheNewYorkAcademyofSciences.86:90–107.doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1960.tb42792.x.PMID 13799302.S2CID 11909344. ^BramnessJG,FuruK,EngelandA,SkurtveitS(August2007)."CarisoprodoluseandabuseinNorway:apharmacoepidemiologicalstudy".BritishJournalofClinicalPharmacology.64(2):210–8.doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2007.02847.x.PMC 2000626.PMID 17298482. ^"Somadriltrekkesframarkedet"[Somadriliswithdrawnfromthemarket].NorwegianMedicinesAgency(inNorwegian).20April2008.Archivedfromtheoriginalon16July2011.Retrieved12March2010. ^"Carisprodolpressrelease"(PDF).EMEA.Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)on18July2009.Retrieved12May2008. ^"MarknadsföringenavSomadrilochSomadrilcomprekommenderasupphöratillfälligt"[MarketingofSomadrilandSomadrilisrecommendedtoceasetemporarily](inSwedish).16November2007.Archivedfromtheoriginalon23July2014.Retrieved9May2009. ^USDepartmentofJustice(2011)."SchedulesofControlledSubstances:PlacementofCarisoprodolintoScheduleIV"(PDF).FederalRegister.76(238):77330–77360.Retrieved1February2012. ^"HighCost,NoBenefit–TheRheumatologist".the-rheumatologist.org.Archivedfromtheoriginalon7May2015.Retrieved31August2017. ^"NAPRA–SearchNationalDrugSchedule".NationalAssociationofPharmacyRegulatoryAuthorities.2009.Archivedfromtheoriginal(ASP)on1February2014.Retrieved7January2014. ^ForBritishColumbia,seelibrary.bcpharmacists.org/D-Legislation_StandardsArchived17December2013attheWaybackMachine ^"OneSchoolchildDies,MoreThan50SufferSeizuresAfterConsumingPillsinSoutheastSulawesi".JakartaGlobe.14September2017. Furtherreading[edit] DeanL(2017)."CarisoprodolTherapyandCYP2C19Genotype".InPrattVM,McLeodHL,RubinsteinWS,et al.(eds.).MedicalGeneticsSummaries.NationalCenterforBiotechnologyInformation(NCBI).PMID 28520377.BookshelfID:NBK425390. Externallinks[edit] "Carisoprodol".DrugInformationPortal.U.S.NationalLibraryofMedicine. vteSkeletalmusclerelaxants(M03)Peripherallyacting(primarilyantinicotinic,NMJblock)Non-depolarizingCurarealkaloids Alcuronium Dimethyltubocurarine Tubocurarine 4°ammoniumagents ultra-shortduration:Gantacurium shortduration:Mivacurium Chandonium intermediateduration:Atracurium Cisatracurium Fazadinium Rocuronium Vecuronium longduration:Doxacurium Dimethyltubocurarine Pancuronium Pipecuronium Laudexium Gallamine unsorted:Hexafluronium(Hexafluorenium) Depolarizing Cholinederivatives:Suxamethonium(Succinylcholine) Polyalkylenederivatives:Hexamethonium AChreleaseinhibitors Botulinumtoxin CentrallyactingCarbamicacidesters Carisoprodol Cyclarbamate Difebarbamate Febarbamate Meprobamate Phenprobamate Styramate Tybamate Benzodiazepines Bromazepam Diazepam Clonazepam Flunitrazepam Lorazepam Nitrazepam Temazepam Tetrazepam Nonbenzodiazepines Eszopiclone Thienodiazepines Etizolam Quinazolines Methaqualone Anticholinergics(Antimuscarinics) Cyclobenzaprine Orphenadrine Other Arbaclofenplacarbil Baclofen Chlormezanone Chlorphenesin Chlorzoxazone Eperisone Fenyramidol Flopropione Gabapentin GHB Inaperisone Lanperisone Mephenesin Mephenoxalone Metaxalone Methocarbamol Phenibut Pregabalin Pridinol Promoxolane Quinine Silperisone Thiocolchicoside Tizanidine Tolperisone Zoxazolamine Directlyacting Dantrolene vteGABAAreceptorpositivemodulatorsAlcohols Brometone Butanol Chloralodol Chlorobutanol(cloretone) Ethanol(alcohol)(alcoholicdrink) Ethchlorvynol Isobutanol Isopropanol Menthol Methanol Methylpentynol Pentanol Petrichloral Propanol tert-Butanol(2M2P) tert-Pentanol(2M2B) Tribromoethanol Trichloroethanol Triclofos Trifluoroethanol Barbiturates (-)-DMBB Allobarbital Alphenal Amobarbital Aprobarbital Barbexaclone Barbital Benzobarbital Benzylbutylbarbiturate Brallobarbital Brophebarbital Butabarbital/Secbutabarbital Butalbital Buthalital Butobarbital Butallylonal Carbubarb Crotylbarbital Cyclobarbital Cyclopentobarbital Difebarbamate Enallylpropymal Ethallobarbital Eterobarb Febarbamate Heptabarb Heptobarbital Hexethal Hexobarbital Metharbital Methitural Methohexital Methylphenobarbital Narcobarbital Nealbarbital Pentobarbital Phenallymal Phenobarbital Phetharbital Primidone Probarbital Propallylonal Propylbarbital Proxibarbital Reposal Secobarbital Sigmodal Spirobarbital Talbutal Tetrabamate Tetrabarbital Thialbarbital Thiamylal Thiobarbital Thiobutabarbital Thiopental Thiotetrabarbital Valofane Vinbarbital Vinylbital Benzodiazepines 2-Oxoquazepam 3-Hydroxyphenazepam Adinazolam Alprazolam Arfendazam Avizafone Bentazepam Bretazenil Bromazepam Brotizolam Camazepam Carburazepam Chlordiazepoxide Ciclotizolam Cinazepam Cinolazepam Clazolam Climazolam Clobazam Clonazepam Clonazolam Cloniprazepam Clorazepate Clotiazepam Cloxazolam CP-1414S Cyprazepam Delorazepam Demoxepam Diazepam Diclazepam Doxefazepam Elfazepam Estazolam Ethylcarfluzepate Ethyldirazepate Ethylloflazepate Etizolam EVT-201 FG-8205 Fletazepam Flubromazepam Flubromazolam Fludiazepam Flunitrazepam Flunitrazolam Flurazepam Flutazolam Flutemazepam Flutoprazepam Fosazepam Gidazepam Halazepam Haloxazolam Iclazepam Imidazenil Irazepine Ketazolam Lofendazam Lopirazepam Loprazolam Lorazepam Lormetazepam Meclonazepam Medazepam Menitrazepam Metaclazepam Mexazolam Midazolam Motrazepam N-Desalkylflurazepam Nifoxipam Nimetazepam Nitrazepam Nitrazepate Nitrazolam Nordazepam Nortetrazepam Oxazepam Oxazolam Phenazepam Pinazepam Pivoxazepam Prazepam Premazepam Proflazepam Pyrazolam QH-II-66 Quazepam Reclazepam Remimazolam Rilmazafone Ripazepam Ro48-6791 Ro48-8684 SH-053-R-CH3-2′F Sulazepam Temazepam Tetrazepam Tolufazepam Triazolam Triflubazam Triflunordazepam(Ro5-2904) Tuclazepam Uldazepam Zapizolam Zolazepam Zomebazam Carbamates Carisbamate Carisoprodol Clocental Cyclarbamate Difebarbamate Emylcamate Ethinamate Febarbamate Felbamate Hexapropymate Hydroxyphenamate Lorbamate Mebutamate Meprobamate Nisobamate Pentabamate Phenprobamate Procymate Styramate Tetrabamate Tybamate Flavonoids 6-Methylapigenin Ampelopsin(dihydromyricetin) Apigenin Baicalein Baicalin Catechin EGC EGCG Hispidulin Linarin Luteolin Rc-OMe Skullcapconstituents(e.g.,baicalin) Wogonin Imidazoles Etomidate Metomidate Propoxate Kavaconstituents 10-Methoxyyangonin 11-Methoxyyangonin 11-Hydroxyyangonin Desmethoxyyangonin 11-Methoxy-12-hydroxydehydrokavain 7,8-Dihydroyangonin Kavain 5-Hydroxykavain 5,6-Dihydroyangonin 7,8-Dihydrokavain 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydroyangonin 5,6-Dehydromethysticin Methysticin 7,8-Dihydromethysticin Yangonin Monoureides Acecarbromal Apronal(apronalide) Bromisoval Carbromal Capuride Ectylurea Neuroactivesteroids Acebrochol Allopregnanolone(brexanolone) Alfadolone Alfaxalone 3α-Androstanediol Androstenol Androsterone Certainanabolic-androgenicsteroids Cholesterol DHDOC 3α-DHP 5α-DHP 5β-DHP DHT Etiocholanolone Ganaxolone Hydroxydione Minaxolone ORG-20599 ORG-21465 P1-185 Posovolone Pregnanolone(eltanolone) Progesterone Renanolone SAGE-105 SAGE-324 SAGE-516 SAGE-689 SAGE-872 Testosterone THDOC Zuranolone Nonbenzodiazepines Cyclopyrrolones:Eszopiclone Pagoclone Pazinaclone Suproclone Suriclone Zopiclone Imidazopyridines:Alpidem DS-1 Necopidem Saripidem Zolpidem Pyrazolopyrimidines:Divaplon Fasiplon Indiplon Lorediplon Ocinaplon Panadiplon Taniplon Zaleplon Others:Adipiplon CGS-8216 CGS-9896 CGS-13767 CGS-20625 CL-218,872 CP-615,003 CTP-354 ELB-139 GBLD-345 Imepitoin JM-1232 L-838,417 Lirequinil(Ro41-3696) NS-2664 NS-2710 NS-11394 Pipequaline ROD-188 RWJ-51204 SB-205,384 SX-3228 TGSC01AA TP-003 TPA-023 TP-13 U-89843A U-90042 Viqualine Y-23684 Phenols Fospropofol Propofol Thymol Piperidinediones Glutethimide Methyprylon Piperidione Pyrithyldione Pyrazolopyridines Cartazolate Etazolate ICI-190,622 Tracazolate Quinazolinones Afloqualone Cloroqualone Diproqualone Etaqualone Mebroqualone Mecloqualone Methaqualone Methylmethaqualone Nitromethaqualone SL-164 Volatiles/gases Acetone Acetophenone Acetylglycinamidechloralhydrate Aliflurane Benzene Butane Butylene Centalun Chloral Chloralbetaine Chloralhydrate Chloroform Cryofluorane Desflurane Dichloralphenazone Dichloromethane Diethylether Enflurane Ethylchloride Ethylene Fluroxene Gasoline Halopropane Halothane Isoflurane Kerosine Methoxyflurane Methoxypropane Nitricoxide Nitrogen Nitrousoxide Norflurane Paraldehyde Propane Propylene Roflurane Sevoflurane Synthane Teflurane Toluene Trichloroethane(methylchloroform) Trichloroethylene Vinylether Others/unsorted 3-Hydroxybutanal α-EMTBL AA-29504 Alogabat Avermectins(e.g.,ivermectin) Bromidecompounds(e.g.,lithiumbromide,potassiumbromide,sodiumbromide) Carbamazepine Chloralose Chlormezanone Clomethiazole DEABL Dihydroergolines(e.g.,dihydroergocryptine,dihydroergosine,dihydroergotamine,ergoloid(dihydroergotoxine)) DS2 Efavirenz Etazepine Etifoxine Fenamates(e.g.,flufenamicacid,mefenamicacid,niflumicacid,tolfenamicacid) Fluoxetine Flupirtine Hopantenicacid Lanthanum Lavenderoil Lignans(e.g.,4-O-methylhonokiol,honokiol,magnolol,obovatol) Loreclezole Menthylisovalerate(validolum) Monastrol Niacin Niacinamide Org25,435 Phenytoin Propanidid Retigabine(ezogabine) Safranal Seproxetine Stiripentol Sulfonylalkanes(e.g.,sulfonmethane(sulfonal),tetronal,trional) Terpenoids(e.g.,borneol) Topiramate Valerianconstituents(e.g.,isovalericacid,isovaleramide,valerenicacid,valerenol) Unsortedbenzodiazepinesitepositivemodulators:α-Pinene MRK-409(MK-0343) TCS-1105 TCS-1205 Seealso:Receptor/signalingmodulators•GABAreceptormodulators•GABAmetabolism/transportmodulators vteIonotropicglutamatereceptormodulatorsAMPAR Agonists:Mainsiteagonists:5-Fluorowillardiine Acromelicacid(acromelate) AMPA BOAA Domoicacid Glutamate Ibotenicacid Proline Quisqualicacid Willardiine;Positiveallostericmodulators:Aniracetam Cyclothiazide CX-516 CX-546 CX-614 Farampator(CX-691,ORG-24448) CX-717 CX-1739 CX-1942 Diazoxide Hydrochlorothiazide(HCTZ) IDRA-21 LY-392098 LY-395153 LY-404187 LY-451646 LY-503430 Mibampator(LY-451395) Nooglutyl ORG-26576 Oxiracetam PEPA Pesampator(BIIB-104,PF-04958242) Piracetam Pramiracetam S-18986 Tulrampator(S-47445,CX-1632) Antagonists:ACEA-1011 ATPO Becampanel Caroverine CNQX Dasolampanel DNQX Fanapanel(MPQX) GAMS Kaitocephalin Kynurenicacid Kynurenine Licostinel(ACEA-1021) NBQX PNQX Selurampanel Tezampanel Theanine Topiramate YM90K Zonampanel;Negativeallostericmodulators:Barbiturates(e.g.,pentobarbital,sodiumthiopental) Cyclopropane Enflurane Ethanol(alcohol) Evansblue GYKI-52466 GYKI-53655 Halothane Irampanel Isoflurane Perampanel Pregnenolonesulfate Sevoflurane Talampanel;Unknown/unsortedantagonists:Minocycline KAR Agonists:Mainsiteagonists:5-Bromowillardiine 5-Iodowillardiine Acromelicacid(acromelate) AMPA ATPA Domoicacid Glutamate Ibotenicacid Kainicacid LY-339434 Proline Quisqualicacid SYM-2081;Positiveallostericmodulators:Cyclothiazide Diazoxide Enflurane Halothane Isoflurane Antagonists:ACEA-1011 CNQX Dasolampanel DNQX GAMS Kaitocephalin Kynurenicacid Licostinel(ACEA-1021) LY-382884 NBQX NS102 Selurampanel Tezampanel Theanine Topiramate UBP-302;Negativeallostericmodulators:Barbiturates(e.g.,pentobarbital,sodiumthiopental) Enflurane Ethanol(alcohol) Evansblue NS-3763 Pregnenolonesulfate NMDAR Agonists:Mainsiteagonists:AMAA Aspartate Glutamate Homocysteicacid(L-HCA) Homoquinolinicacid Ibotenicacid NMDA Proline Quinolinicacid Tetrazolylglycine Theanine;Glycinesiteagonists:β-Fluoro-D-alanine ACBD ACC(ACPC) ACPD AK-51 Apimostinel(NRX-1074) B6B21 CCG D-Alanine D-Cycloserine D-Serine DHPG Dimethylglycine Glycine HA-966 L-687414 L-Alanine L-Serine Milacemide Neboglamine(nebostinel) Rapastinel(GLYX-13) Sarcosine;Polyaminesiteagonists:Neomycin Spermidine Spermine;Otherpositiveallostericmodulators:24S-Hydroxycholesterol DHEA(prasterone) DHEAsulfate(prasteronesulfate) Epipregnanolonesulfate Plazinemdor Pregnenolonesulfate SAGE-201 SAGE-301 SAGE-718 Antagonists:Competitiveantagonists:AP5(APV) AP7 CGP-37849 CGP-39551 CGP-39653 CGP-40116 CGS-19755 CPP Kaitocephalin LY-233053 LY-235959 LY-274614 MDL-100453 Midafotel(d-CPPene) NPC-12626 NPC-17742 PBPD PEAQX Perzinfotel PPDA SDZ-220581 Selfotel;Glycinesiteantagonists:4-Cl-KYN(AV-101) 5,7-DCKA 7-CKA ACC ACEA-1011 ACEA-1328 Apimostinel(NRX-1074) AV-101 Carisoprodol CGP-39653 CNQX D-Cycloserine DNQX Felbamate Gavestinel GV-196771 Harkoseride Kynurenicacid Kynurenine L-689560 L-701324 Licostinel(ACEA-1021) LU-73068 MDL-105519 Meprobamate MRZ2/576 PNQX Rapastinel(GLYX-13) ZD-9379;Polyaminesiteantagonists:Arcaine Co101676 Diaminopropane Diethylenetriamine HuperzineA Putrescine;Uncompetitiveporeblockers(mostlydizocilpinesite):2-MDP 3-HO-PCP 3-MeO-PCE 3-MeO-PCMo 3-MeO-PCP 4-MeO-PCP 8A-PDHQ 18-MC α-Endopsychosin Alaproclate Alazocine(SKF-10047) Amantadine Aptiganel Argiotoxin-636 Arketamine ARL-12495 ARL-15896-AR ARL-16247 Budipine Coronaridine Delucemine(NPS-1506) Dexoxadrol Dextrallorphan Dextromethadone Dextromethorphan Dextrorphan Dieticyclidine Diphenidine Dizocilpine Ephenidine Esketamine Etoxadrol Eticyclidine Fluorolintane Gacyclidine Ibogaine Ibogamine Indantadol Ketamine Ketobemidone Lanicemine Levomethadone Levomethorphan Levomilnacipran Levorphanol Loperamide Memantine Methadone Methorphan Methoxetamine Methoxphenidine Milnacipran Morphanol NEFA Neramexane Nitromemantine Noribogaine Norketamine Orphenadrine PCPr PD-137889 Pethidine(meperidine) Phencyclamine Phencyclidine Propoxyphene Remacemide Rhynchophylline Rimantadine Rolicyclidine Sabeluzole Tabernanthine Tenocyclidine Tiletamine Tramadol;Ifenprodil(NR2B)siteantagonists: Besonprodil Buphenine(nylidrin) CO-101244(PD-174494) Eliprodil Haloperidol Isoxsuprine Radiprodil(RGH-896) Rislenemdaz(CERC-301,MK-0657) Ro8-4304 Ro25-6981 Safaprodil Traxoprodil(CP-101606);NR2A-selectiveantagonists:MPX-004 MPX-007 TCN-201 TCN-213;Cations:Hydrogen Magnesium Zinc;Alcohols/volatileanesthetics/related:Benzene Butane Chloroform Cyclopropane Desflurane Diethylether Enflurane Ethanol(alcohol) Halothane Hexanol Isoflurane Methoxyflurane Nitrousoxide Octanol Sevoflurane Toluene Trichloroethane Trichloroethanol Trichloroethylene Urethane Xenon Xylene;Unknown/unsortedantagonists:ARR-15896 Bumetanide Caroverine Conantokin D-αAA Dexanabinol Flufenamicacid Flupirtine FPL-12495 FR-115427 Furosemide Hodgkinsine Ipenoxazone(MLV-6976) MDL-27266 Metaphit Minocycline MPEP Niflumicacid Pentamidine Pentamidineisethionate Piretanide Psychotridine Transcrocetin(saffron) Unsorted:Allostericmodulators:AGN-241751 Seealso:Receptor/signalingmodulators Metabotropicglutamatereceptormodulators Glutamatemetabolism/transportmodulators Portal: Medicine Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carisoprodol&oldid=1095495986" 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