Hallucination - Wikipedia

Visual Hallucination FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Perceptionintheabsenceofexternalstimulationthathasthequalitiesofrealperception Forotheruses,seeHallucination(disambiguation). "Hallucinate"redirectshere.Forthesong,seeHallucinate(song). MedicalconditionHallucinationMyeyesatthemomentoftheapparitionsbyAugustNatterer,aGermanartistwhocreatedmanydrawingsofhishallucinations.SpecialtyPsychiatry Ahallucinationisaperceptionintheabsenceofanexternalstimulusthathasthequalitiesofarealperception.Hallucinationsarevivid,substantial,andareperceivedtobelocatedinexternalobjectivespace.Theyaredistinguishablefromseveralrelatedphenomena,suchasdreaming,whichdoesnotinvolvewakefulness;pseudohallucination,whichdoesnotmimicrealperception,andisaccuratelyperceivedasunreal;illusion,whichinvolvesdistortedormisinterpretedrealperception;andimagery(imagination),whichdoesnotmimicrealperception,andisundervoluntarycontrol.[1]Hallucinationsalsodifferfrom"delusionalperceptions",inwhichacorrectlysensedandinterpretedstimulus(i.e.,arealperception)isgivensomeadditionalsignificance. Hallucinationscanoccurinanysensorymodality—visual,auditory,olfactory,gustatory,tactile,proprioceptive,equilibrioceptive,nociceptive,thermoceptiveandchronoceptive. Amildformofhallucinationisknownasadisturbance,andcanoccurinmostofthesensesabove.Thesemaybethingslikeseeingmovementinperipheralvision,orhearingfaintnoisesorvoices.Auditoryhallucinationsareverycommoninschizophrenia.Theymaybebenevolent(tellingthesubjectgoodthingsaboutthemselves)ormalicious,cursingthesubject.55%ofauditoryhallucinationsaremaliciousincontent,[2]forexample,peopletalkingaboutthesubject,notspeakingtothemdirectly.Likeauditoryhallucinations,thesourceofthevisualcounterpartcanalsobebehindthesubject.Thiscanproduceafeelingofbeinglookedorstaredat,usuallywithmaliciousintent.[citationneeded]Frequently,auditoryhallucinationsandtheirvisualcounterpartareexperiencedbythesubjecttogether.[3] Hypnagogichallucinationsandhypnopompichallucinationsareconsiderednormalphenomena.Hypnagogichallucinationscanoccurasoneisfallingasleepandhypnopompichallucinationsoccurwhenoneiswakingup.Hallucinationscanbeassociatedwithdruguse(particularlydeliriants),sleepdeprivation,psychosis,neurologicaldisorders,anddeliriumtremens. Theword"hallucination"itselfwasintroducedintotheEnglishlanguagebythe17th-centuryphysicianSirThomasBrownein1646fromthederivationoftheLatinwordalucinarimeaningtowanderinthemind.ForBrowne,hallucinationmeansasortofvisionthatis"depravedandreceive[s]itsobjectserroneously".[4] Contents 1Classification 1.1Visual 1.2Auditory 1.3Command 1.4Olfactory 1.5Tactile 1.6Gustatory 1.7Generalsomaticsensations 2Cause 2.1Hypnagogichallucination 2.2Peduncularhallucinosis 2.3Deliriumtremens 2.4Parkinson'sdiseaseandLewybodydementia 2.5Migrainecoma 2.6CharlesBonnetsyndrome 2.7Focalepilepsy 2.8Drug-inducedhallucination 2.9Sensorydeprivationhallucination 2.10Experimentally-inducedhallucinations 2.11Non-celiacglutensensitivity 3Pathophysiology 3.1Dopaminergicandserotonergichallucinations 3.2Neuroanatomy 4Treatments 5Epidemiology 6Seealso 7References 8Furtherreading 9Externallinks Classification[edit] Hallucinationsmaybemanifestedinavarietyofforms.[5]Variousformsofhallucinationsaffectdifferentsenses,sometimesoccurringsimultaneously,creatingmultiplesensoryhallucinationsforthoseexperiencingthem. Visual[edit] Seealso:Visualhallucinationsinpsychosis,Pareidolia,andPalinopsia Avisualhallucinationis"theperceptionofanexternalvisualstimuluswherenoneexists".[6]Aseparatebutrelatedphenomenonisavisualillusion,whichisadistortionofarealexternalstimulus.Visualhallucinationsareclassifiedassimpleorcomplex: Simplevisualhallucinations(SVH)arealsoreferredtoasnon-formedvisualhallucinationsandelementaryvisualhallucinations.Thesetermsrefertolights,colors,geometricshapes,andindiscreteobjects.ThesecanbefurthersubdividedintophospheneswhichareSVHwithoutstructure,andphotopsiaswhichareSVHwithgeometricstructures. Complexvisualhallucinations(CVH)arealsoreferredtoasformedvisualhallucinations.CVHsareclear,lifelikeimagesorscenessuchaspeople,animals,objects,places,etc. Forexample,onemayreporthallucinatingagiraffe.Asimplevisualhallucinationisanamorphousfigurethatmayhaveasimilarshapeorcolortoagiraffe(lookslikeagiraffe),whileacomplexvisualhallucinationisadiscrete,lifelikeimagethatis,unmistakably,agiraffe. Auditory[edit] Mainarticle:Auditoryhallucination Auditoryhallucinations(alsoknownasparacusia)[7]aretheperceptionofsoundwithoutoutsidestimulus.Thesehallucinationsarethemostcommontypeofhallucination.[8]Auditoryhallucinationscanbedividedintotwocategories:elementaryandcomplex.Elementaryhallucinationsaretheperceptionofsoundssuchashissing,whistling,anextendedtone,andmore.Inmanycases,tinnitusisanelementaryauditoryhallucination.However,somepeoplewhoexperiencecertaintypesoftinnitus,especiallypulsatiletinnitus,areactuallyhearingthebloodrushingthroughvesselsneartheear.Becausetheauditorystimulusispresentinthissituation,itdoesnotqualifyitasahallucination. Complexhallucinationsarethoseofvoices,music,orothersoundsthatmayormaynotbeclear,mayormaynotbefamiliar,andmaybefriendly,aggressive,oramongotherpossibilities.Ahallucinationofasingleindividualpersonofoneormoretalkingvoicesisparticularlyassociatedwithpsychoticdisorderssuchasschizophrenia,andholdspecialsignificanceindiagnosingtheseconditions. Anothertypicaldisorderwhereauditoryhallucinationsareverycommonisdissociativeidentitydisorder.Inschizophreniavoicesarenormallyperceivedcomingfromoutsidethepersonbutindissociativedisorderstheyareperceivedasoriginatingfromwithintheperson,commentingintheirheadinsteadofbehindtheirback.Differentialdiagnosisbetweenschizophreniaanddissociativedisordersischallengingduetomanyoverlappingsymptoms,especiallySchneiderianfirstranksymptomssuchashallucinations.[9]However,manypeoplenotsufferingfromdiagnosablementalillnessmaysometimeshearvoicesaswell.[10]Oneimportantexampletoconsiderwhenformingadifferentialdiagnosisforapatientwithparacusiaislateraltemporallobeepilepsy.Despitethetendencytoassociatehearingvoices,orotherwisehallucinating,andpsychosiswithschizophreniaorotherpsychiatricillnesses,itiscrucialtotakeintoconsiderationthat,evenifapersondoesexhibitpsychoticfeatures,he/shedoesnotnecessarilysufferfromapsychiatricdisorderonitsown.DisorderssuchasWilson'sdisease,variousendocrinediseases,numerousmetabolicdisturbances,multiplesclerosis,systemiclupuserythematosus,porphyria,sarcoidosis,andmanyotherscanpresentwithpsychosis. Musicalhallucinationsarealsorelativelycommonintermsofcomplexauditoryhallucinationsandmaybetheresultofawiderangeofcausesrangingfromhearing-loss(suchasinmusicalearsyndrome,theauditoryversionofCharlesBonnetsyndrome),lateraltemporallobeepilepsy,[11]arteriovenousmalformation,[12]stroke,lesion,abscess,ortumor.[13] TheHearingVoicesMovementisasupportandadvocacygroupforpeoplewhohallucinatevoices,butdonototherwiseshowsignsofmentalillnessorimpairment. Highcaffeineconsumptionhasbeenlinkedtoanincreaseinlikelihoodofoneexperiencingauditoryhallucinations.AstudyconductedbytheLaTrobeUniversitySchoolofPsychologicalSciencesrevealedthatasfewasfivecupsofcoffeeaday(approximately500 mgofcaffeine)couldtriggerthephenomenon.[14] Command[edit] Seealso:Bicameralmentality Commandhallucinationsarehallucinationsintheformofcommands;theyappeartobefromanexternalsource,orcanappearcomingfromthesubject'shead.[15]Thecontentsofthehallucinationscanrangefromtheinnocuoustocommandstocauseharmtotheselforothers.[15]Commandhallucinationsareoftenassociatedwithschizophrenia.Peopleexperiencingcommandhallucinationsmayormaynotcomplywiththehallucinatedcommands,dependingonthecircumstances.Complianceismorecommonfornon-violentcommands.[16] Commandhallucinationsaresometimesusedtodefendacrimethathasbeencommitted,oftenhomicides.[17]Inessence,itisavoicethatonehearsandittellsthelistenerwhattodo.Sometimesthecommandsarequitebenigndirectivessuchas"Standup"or"Shutthedoor."[18]Whetheritisacommandforsomethingsimpleorsomethingthatisathreat,itisstillconsidereda"commandhallucination."Somehelpfulquestionsthatcanassistoneindeterminingiftheymaybesufferingfromthisincludes:"Whatarethevoicestellingyoutodo?","Whendidyourvoicesfirststarttellingyoutodothings?","Doyourecognizethepersonwhoistellingyoutoharmyourself(orothers)?","Doyouthinkyoucanresistdoingwhatthevoicesaretellingyoutodo?"[18] Olfactory[edit] Mainarticles:PhantosmiaandParosmia Phantosmia(olfactoryhallucinations),smellinganodorthatisnotactuallythere,[19]andparosmia(olfactoryillusions),inhalingarealodorbutperceivingitasdifferentscentthanremembered,[20]aredistortionstothesenseofsmell(olfactorysystem),andinmostcases,arenotcausedbyanythingseriousandwillusuallygoawayontheirownintime.[19]Itcanresultfromarangeofconditionssuchasnasalinfections,nasalpolyps,dentalproblems,migraines,headinjuries,seizures,strokes,orbraintumors.[19][21]Environmentalexposurescansometimescauseitaswell,suchassmoking,exposuretocertaintypesofchemicals(e.g.,insecticidesorsolvents),orradiationtreatmentforheadorneckcancer.[19]Itcanalsobeasymptomofcertainmentaldisorderssuchasdepression,bipolardisorder,intoxication,substancewithdrawal,orpsychoticdisorders(e.g.,schizophrenia).[21]Theperceivedodorsareusuallyunpleasantandcommonlydescribedassmellingburned,foul,spoiled,orrotten.[19] Tactile[edit] Mainarticle:Tactilehallucination Tactilehallucinationsaretheillusionoftactilesensoryinput,simulatingvarioustypesofpressuretotheskinorotherorgans.Onesubtypeoftactilehallucination,formication,isthesensationofinsectscrawlingunderneaththeskinandisfrequentlyassociatedwithprolongedcocaineuse.[22]However,formicationmayalsobetheresultofnormalhormonalchangessuchasmenopause,ordisorderssuchasperipheralneuropathy,highfevers,Lymedisease,skincancer,andmore.[22] Gustatory[edit] Thistypeofhallucinationistheperceptionoftastewithoutastimulus.Thesehallucinations,whicharetypicallystrangeorunpleasant,arerelativelycommonamongindividualswhohavecertaintypesoffocalepilepsy,especiallytemporallobeepilepsy.Theregionsofthebrainresponsibleforgustatoryhallucinationinthiscasearetheinsulaandthesuperiorbankofthesylvianfissure.[23][24] Generalsomaticsensations[edit] Generalsomaticsensationsofahallucinatorynatureareexperiencedwhenanindividualfeelsthattheirbodyisbeingmutilated,i.e.twisted,torn,ordisemboweled.Otherreportedcasesareinvasionbyanimalsintheperson'sinternalorgans,suchassnakesinthestomachorfrogsintherectum.Thegeneralfeelingthatone'sfleshisdecomposingisalsoclassifiedunderthistypeofthishallucination.[24][citationneeded] Cause[edit] Seealso:Psychosis(causes) Hallucinationscanbecausedbyanumberoffactors. Hypnagogichallucination[edit] Mainarticle:Hypnagogia Thesehallucinationsoccurjustbeforefallingasleepandaffectahighproportionofthepopulation:inonesurvey37%oftherespondentsexperiencedthemtwiceaweek.[25]Thehallucinationscanlastfromsecondstominutes;allthewhile,thesubjectusuallyremainsawareofthetruenatureoftheimages.Thesemaybeassociatedwithnarcolepsy.Hypnagogichallucinationsaresometimesassociatedwithbrainstemabnormalities,butthisisrare.[26] Peduncularhallucinosis[edit] Mainarticle:Peduncularhallucinosis Peduncularmeanspertainingtothepeduncle,whichisaneuraltractrunningtoandfromtheponsonthebrainstem.Thesehallucinationsusuallyoccurintheevenings,butnotduringdrowsiness,asinthecaseofhypnagogichallucination.Thesubjectisusuallyfullyconsciousandthencaninteractwiththehallucinatorycharactersforextendedperiodsoftime.Asinthecaseofhypnagogichallucinations,insightintothenatureoftheimagesremainsintact.Thefalseimagescanoccurinanypartofthevisualfield,andarerarelypolymodal.[26] Deliriumtremens[edit] Mainarticle:Deliriumtremens Oneofthemoreenigmaticformsofvisualhallucinationisthehighlyvariable,possiblypolymodaldeliriumtremens.Individualssufferingfromdeliriumtremensmaybeagitatedandconfused,especiallyinthelaterstagesofthisdisease.Insightisgraduallyreducedwiththeprogressionofthisdisorder.Sleepisdisturbedandoccursforashorterperiodoftime,withrapideyemovementsleep. Parkinson'sdiseaseandLewybodydementia[edit] Parkinson'sdiseaseislinkedwithLewybodydementiafortheirsimilarhallucinatorysymptoms.Thesymptomsstrikeduringtheeveninginanypartofthevisualfield,andarerarelypolymodal.Thesegueintohallucinationmaybeginwithillusions[27]wheresensoryperceptionisgreatlydistorted,butnonovelsensoryinformationispresent.Thesetypicallylastforseveralminutes,duringwhichtimethesubjectmaybeeitherconsciousandnormalordrowsy/inaccessible.InsightintothesehallucinationsisusuallypreservedandREMsleepisusuallyreduced.Parkinson'sdiseaseisusuallyassociatedwithadegradedsubstantianigraparscompacta,butrecentevidencesuggeststhatPDaffectsanumberofsitesinthebrain.Someplacesofnoteddegradationincludethemedianraphenuclei,thenoradrenergicpartsofthelocuscoeruleus,andthecholinergicneuronsintheparabrachialareaandpedunculopontinenucleiofthetegmentum.[26] Migrainecoma[edit] Seealso:MigraineauraandScintillatingscotoma Thistypeofhallucinationisusuallyexperiencedduringtherecoveryfromacomatosestate.Themigrainecomacanlastforuptotwodays,andastateofdepressionissometimescomorbid.Thehallucinationsoccurduringstatesoffullconsciousness,andinsightintothehallucinatorynatureoftheimagesispreserved.Ithasbeennotedthatataxiclesionsaccompanythemigrainecoma.[26] CharlesBonnetsyndrome[edit] CharlesBonnetsyndromeisthenamegiventovisualhallucinationsexperiencedbyapartiallyorseverelysightimpairedperson.Thehallucinationscanoccuratanytimeandcandistresspeopleofanyage,astheymaynotinitiallybeawarethattheyarehallucinating.Theymayfearfortheirownmentalhealthinitially,whichmaydelaythemsharingwithcarersuntiltheystarttounderstanditthemselves.Thehallucinationscanfrightenanddisconcertastowhatisrealandwhatisnot.Thehallucinationscansometimesbedispersedbyeyemovements,orbyreasonedlogicsuchas,"Icanseefirebutthereisnosmokeandthereisnoheatfromit"orperhaps,"Wehaveaninfestationofratsbuttheyhavepinkribbonswithabelltiedontheirnecks."Overelapsedmonthsandyears,thehallucinationsmaybecomemoreorlessfrequentwithchangesinabilitytosee.Thelengthoftimethatthesightimpairedpersoncansufferfromthesehallucinationsvariesaccordingtotheunderlyingspeedofeyedeterioration.Adifferentialdiagnosisareophthalmopathichallucinations.[28] Focalepilepsy[edit] Visualhallucinationsduetofocalseizuresdifferdependingontheregionofthebrainwheretheseizureoccurs.Forexample,visualhallucinationsduringoccipitallobeseizuresaretypicallyvisionsofbrightlycolored,geometricshapesthatmaymoveacrossthevisualfield,multiply,orformconcentricringsandgenerallypersistfromafewsecondstoafewminutes.Theyareusuallyunilateralandlocalizedtoonepartofthevisualfieldonthecontralateralsideoftheseizurefocus,typicallythetemporalfield.However,unilateralvisionsmovinghorizontallyacrossthevisualfieldbeginonthecontralateralsideandmovetowardtheipsilateralside.[23][29] Temporallobeseizures,ontheotherhand,canproducecomplexvisualhallucinationsofpeople,scenes,animals,andmoreaswellasdistortionsofvisualperception.Complexhallucinationsmayappeartoberealorunreal,mayormaynotbedistortedwithrespecttosize,andmayseemdisturbingoraffable,amongothervariables.Onerarebutnotabletypeofhallucinationisheautoscopy,ahallucinationofamirrorimageofone'sself.These"otherselves"maybeperfectlystillorperformingcomplextasks,maybeanimageofayoungerselforthepresentself,andtendtobebrieflypresent.Complexhallucinationsarearelativelyuncommonfindingintemporallobeepilepsypatients.Rarely,theymayoccurduringoccipitalfocalseizuresorinparietallobeseizures.[23] Distortionsinvisualperceptionduringatemporallobeseizuremayincludesizedistortion(micropsiaormacropsia),distortedperceptionofmovement(wheremovingobjectsmayappeartobemovingveryslowlyortobeperfectlystill),asensethatsurfacessuchasceilingsandevenentirehorizonsaremovingfartherawayinafashionsimilartothedollyzoomeffect,andotherillusions.[30]Evenwhenconsciousnessisimpaired,insightintothehallucinationorillusionistypicallypreserved. Drug-inducedhallucination[edit] Mainarticle:Hallucinogen Drug-inducedhallucinationsarecausedbyhallucinogens,dissociatives,anddeliriants,includingmanydrugswithanticholinergicactionsandcertainstimulants,whichareknowntocausevisualandauditoryhallucinations.Somepsychedelicssuchaslysergicaciddiethylamide(LSD)andpsilocybincancausehallucinationsthatrangeinthespectrumofmildtointense. Hallucinations,pseudohallucinations,orintensificationofpareidolia,particularlyauditory,areknownsideeffectsofopioidstodifferentdegrees—itmaybeassociatedwiththeabsolutedegreeofagonismorantagonismofespeciallythekappaopioidreceptor,sigmareceptors,deltaopioidreceptorandtheNMDAreceptorsortheoverallreceptoractivationprofileassyntheticopioidslikethoseofthepentazocine,levorphanol,fentanyl,pethidine,methadoneandsomeotherfamiliesaremoreassociatedwiththissideeffectthannaturalopioidslikemorphineandcodeineandsemi-syntheticslikehydromorphone,amongstwhichtherealsoappearstobeastrongercorrelationwiththerelativeanalgesicstrength.Threeopioids,Cyclazocine(abenzormorphanopioid/pentazocinerelative)andtwolevorphanol-relatedmorphinanopioids,CyclorphanandDextrorphanareclassifiedashallucinogens,andDextromethorphanasadissociative.[31][32][33]Thesedrugsalsocaninducesleep(relatingtohypnagogichallucinations)andespeciallythepethidineshaveatropine-likeanticholinergicactivity,whichwaspossiblyalsoalimitingfactorintheuse,thepsychotomometicsideeffectsofpotentiatingmorphine,oxycodone,andotheropioidswithscopolamine(respectivelyintheTwilightSleeptechniqueandthecombinationdrugSkophedal,whichwaseukodal(oxycodone),scopolamineandephedrine,calledthe"wonderdrugofthe1930s"afteritsinventioninGermanyin1928,butonlyrarelyspeciallycompoundedtoday)(q.q.v.).[34] Sensorydeprivationhallucination[edit] Hallucinationscanbecausedbysensorydeprivationwhenitoccursforprolongedperiodsoftime,andalmostalwaysoccursinthemodalitybeingdeprived(visualforblindfolded/darkness,auditoryformuffledconditions,etc.)[35] Experimentally-inducedhallucinations[edit] Mainarticle:Hallucinationsinthesane Anomalousexperiences,suchasso-calledbenignhallucinations,mayoccurinapersoninastateofgoodmentalandphysicalhealth,evenintheapparentabsenceofatransienttriggerfactorsuchasfatigue,intoxicationorsensorydeprivation. Theevidenceforthisstatementhasbeenaccumulatingformorethanacentury.Studiesofbenignhallucinatoryexperiencesgobackto1886andtheearlyworkoftheSocietyforPsychicalResearch,[36][37]whichsuggestedapproximately10%ofthepopulationhadexperiencedatleastonehallucinatoryepisodeinthecourseoftheirlife.Morerecentstudieshavevalidatedthesefindings;thepreciseincidencefoundvarieswiththenatureoftheepisodeandthecriteriaof"hallucination"adopted,butthebasicfindingisnowwell-supported.[38] Non-celiacglutensensitivity[edit] Thereistentativeevidenceofarelationshipwithnon-celiacglutensensitivity,theso-called"glutenpsychosis".[39] Pathophysiology[edit] Dopaminergicandserotonergichallucinations[edit] Ithasbeenreportedthatinserotonergichallucinations,thepersonmaintainsanawarenessthattheyarehallucinating,unlikedopaminergichallucinations.[40] Neuroanatomy[edit] Hallucinationsareassociatedwithstructuralandfunctionalabnormalitiesinprimaryandsecondarysensorycortices.Reducedgreymatterinregionsofthesuperiortemporalgyrus/middletemporalgyrus,includingBroca'sarea,isassociatedwithauditoryhallucinationsasatrait,whileacutehallucinationsareassociatedwithincreasedactivityinthesameregionsalongwiththehippocampus,parahippocampus,andtherighthemispherichomologueofBroca'sareaintheinferiorfrontalgyrus.[41]GreyandwhitematterabnormalitiesinvisualregionsareassociatedwithvisualhallucinationsindiseasessuchasAlzheimer'sdisease,furthersupportingthenotionofdysfunctioninsensoryregionsunderlyinghallucinations. Oneproposedmodelofhallucinationspositsthatover-activityinsensoryregions,whichisnormallyattributedtointernalsourcesviafeedforwardnetworkstotheinferiorfrontalgyrus,isinterpretedasoriginatingexternallyduetoabnormalconnectivityorfunctionalityofthefeedforwardnetwork.[41]Thisissupportedbycognitivestudiesthosewithhallucinations,whohavedemonstratedabnormalattributionofselfgeneratedstimuli.[42] Disruptionsinthalamocorticalcircuitrymayunderlietheobservedtopdownandbottomupdysfunction.[43]Thalamocorticalcircuits,composedofprojectionsbetweenthalamicandcorticalneuronsandadjacentinterneurons,underliecertainelectrophysicalcharacteristics(gammaoscillations)thatareunderliesensoryprocessing.Corticalinputstothalamicneuronsenableattentionalmodulationofsensoryneurons.Dysfunctioninsensoryafferents,andabnormalcorticalinputmayresultinpre-existingexpectationsmodulatingsensoryexperience,potentiallyresultinginthegenerationofhallucinations.Hallucinationsareassociatedwithlessaccuratesensoryprocessing,andmoreintensestimuliwithlessinterferencearenecessaryforaccurateprocessingandtheappearanceofgammaoscillations(called"gammasynchrony").HallucinationsarealsoassociatedwiththeabsenceofreductioninP50amplitudeinresponsetothepresentationofasecondstimuliafteraninitialstimulus;thisisthoughttorepresentfailuretogatesensorystimuli,andcanbeexacerbatedbydopaminereleaseagents.[44] Abnormalassignmentofsaliencetostimulimaybeonemechanismofhallucinations.Dysfunctionaldopaminesignalingmayleadtoabnormaltopdownregulationofsensoryprocessing,allowingexpectationstodistortsensoryinput.[45] Treatments[edit] Therearefewtreatmentsformanytypesofhallucinations.However,forthosehallucinationscausedbymentaldisease,apsychologistorpsychiatristshouldbeconsulted,andtreatmentwillbebasedontheobservationsofthosedoctors.Antipsychoticandatypicalantipsychoticmedicationmayalsobeutilizedtotreattheillnessifthesymptomsaresevereandcausesignificantdistress.[citationneeded]Forothercausesofhallucinationsthereisnofactualevidencetosupportanyonetreatmentisscientificallytestedandproven.However,abstainingfromhallucinogenicdrugs,stimulantdrugs,managingstresslevels,livinghealthily,andgettingplentyofsleepcanhelpreducetheprevalenceofhallucinations.Inallcasesofhallucinations,medicalattentionshouldbesoughtoutandinformedofone'sspecificsymptoms. Epidemiology[edit] ThisHallucination#EpidemiologymayneedtoberewrittentocomplywithWikipedia'squalitystandards,asdisjointedandmakesnosense.Youcanhelp.Thetalkpagemaycontainsuggestions.(January2019) Severalrecentstudiesontheprevalenceofhallucinationsinthegeneralpopulationhaveappeared.,[46][clarificationneeded]ArecentUSstudyindicatedalifetimeprevalenceof10-15%forvividsensoryhallucinations.[47]ComparedwiththeEnglishSidgewickStudyof1894,relativefrequenciesofsensorymodalitiesdifferedintheUSwithfewervisualhallucinations.[48] Seealso[edit] Phantosmia Pseudohallucination Closed-eyehallucination Dimethyltryptamine Folieàdeux Ganzfeldeffect Hallucinogenicfish Anomalousexperiences Hypnagogia Microwaveauditoryeffect Phantomeyesyndrome Prisoner'scinema Psychedelicexperience HallucinogenpersistingperceptiondisorderHPPD Psychoticdepression Simulatedreality Vision(spirituality) Schizophrenia Bicameralmentality Apparitionalexperience Phantomlimb References[edit] 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^Ohayon,MauriceM(2000)."Prevalenceofhallucinationsandtheirpathologicalassociationsinthegeneralpopulation".PsychiatryResearch.97(2–3):153–64.doi:10.1016/S0165-1781(00)00227-4.PMID 11166087.S2CID 46717729. ^Frankel,Joseph."HallucinationsAreEverywhere".Pocket.AtlanticMonthly.Retrieved22May2020. ^Tien,A.Y.(1991)."Distributionofhallucinationsinthepopulation".SocialPsychiatryandPsychiatricEpidemiology.26(6):287–292.doi:10.1007/BF00789221.PMID 1792560.S2CID 28848635. Furtherreading[edit] JohnsonFH(1978).TheAnatomyofHallucinations.Chicago:Nelson-HallCo.ISBN 0-88229-155-6. BentallRP,SladePD(1988).SensoryDeception:AScientificAnalysisofHallucination.London:CroomHelm.ISBN 0-7099-3961-2. AlemanA,LarøiF(2008).Hallucinations:TheScienceofIdiosyncraticPerception.AmericanPsychologicalAssociation(APA).ISBN 1-4338-0311-9. SacksO(2012).Hallucinations.NewYork:AlfredA.Knopf.ISBN 978-0307957245 Externallinks[edit] ClassificationDICD-10:R44ICD-9-CM:780.1MeSH:D006212DiseasesDB:19769ExternalresourcesMedlinePlus:003258PatientUK:Hallucination WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtoHallucination. Wikiquotehasquotationsrelatedto:Hallucination HearingVoicesNetwork "AnthropologyandHallucinations;chapterfromTheMakingofReligion".psychanalyse-paris.com.November4,2006.RetrievedOctober4,2016. "Thevoiceinside:Apracticalguidetocopingwithhearingvoices" PsychologyTerms Hallucination:ANormalPhenomenon? Fasting-inducedhallucination Geometricvisualhallucinations,Euclideansymmetryandthefunctionalarchitectureofstriatecortex vteSignsandsymptomsrelatingtoperception,emotionandbehaviourCognition Confusion Delirium Psychosis Delusion Amnesia Anterogradeamnesia Retrogradeamnesia Convulsion Dizziness Disequilibrium Presyncope/Lightheadedness Vertigo Emotion Anger Anxiety Depression Fear Paranoia Hostility Irritability Suicidalideation Behavior Verbosity Russell'ssign Perception Sensoryprocessingdisorder Hallucination(Auditoryhallucination) Smell Anosmia Hyposmia Dysosmia Parosmia Phantosmia Hyperosmia Synesthesia Taste Ageusia Hypogeusia Dysgeusia Hypergeusia AuthoritycontrolGeneral IntegratedAuthorityFile(Germany) Nationallibraries France(data) UnitedStates Japan Other MicrosoftAcademic Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hallucination&oldid=1062617676" Categories:HallucinationsMedicalsignsSymptomsandsignsofmentaldisordersHiddencategories:WebarchivetemplatewaybacklinksCS1German-languagesources(de)CS1errors:datesCS1:abbreviatedyearrangeArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionmatchesWikidataShortdescriptionisdifferentfromWikidataAllarticleswithunsourcedstatementsArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromAugust2016ArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromDecember2017ArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromAugust2011WikipediaarticlesneedingrewritefromJanuary2019AllarticlesneedingrewriteWikipediaarticlesneedingclarificationfromJanuary2019CommonscategorylinkfromWikidataArticleswithGNDidentifiersArticleswithBNFidentifiersArticleswithLCCNidentifiersArticleswithNDLidentifiersArticleswithMAidentifiers Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk Variants expanded collapsed Views ReadEditViewhistory More expanded collapsed Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Inotherprojects WikimediaCommonsWikiquote Languages AfrikaansالعربيةAsturianuAzərbaycancaবাংলাБеларускаяБеларуская(тарашкевіца)БългарскиBosanskiБуряадCatalàČeštinaCymraegDanskDeutschEestiΕλληνικάEspañolEsperantoEuskaraفارسیFrançaisGaeilgeGalego한국어Հայերենहिन्दीHrvatskiBahasaIndonesiaItalianoעבריתಕನ್ನಡქართულიҚазақшаKurdîКыргызчаLatinaLatviešuLëtzebuergeschЛезгиLietuviųMagyarМакедонскиमराठीمصرىBahasaMelayuNederlands日本語NorskbokmålOccitanଓଡ଼ିଆOʻzbekcha/ўзбекчаPolskiPortuguêsRomânăРусскийSimpleEnglishSlovenčinaSlovenščinaSoomaaligaکوردیСрпски/srpskiSrpskohrvatski/српскохрватскиSuomiSvenskaTagalogதமிழ்Татарча/tatarçaТоҷикӣTürkçeУкраїнськаاردوTiếngViệt吴语粵語Zazaki中文 Editlinks