Search Tips - Google Scholar

Google Scholar library is your personal collection of articles. You can save articles right off the search page, organize them by topic, and use the power of ... SearchScholar Search About Search Profiles Inclusion Metrics Publishers Libraries Overview Searching Access Alerts Library Export Coverage Corrections Questions SearchTips GetthemostoutofGoogleScholarwithsomehelpfultipsonsearches,emailalerts,citationexport,andmore. Findingrecentpapers Yoursearchresultsarenormallysortedbyrelevance,notbydate.Tofindnewerarticles,trythefollowingoptionsintheleftsidebar: click"SinceYear"toshowonlyrecentlypublishedpapers,sortedbyrelevance; click"Sortbydate"toshowjustthenewadditions,sortedbydate; clicktheenvelopeicontohavenewresultsperiodicallydeliveredbyemail. Locatingthefulltextofanarticle Abstractsarefreelyavailableformostofthearticles.Alas,readingtheentirearticlemayrequireasubscription.Here'reafewthingstotry: clickalibrarylink,e.g.,"FindIt@Harvard",totherightofthesearchresult; clickalinklabeled[PDF]totherightofthesearchresult; click"Allversions"underthesearchresultandcheckoutthealternativesources; click"Relatedarticles"or"Citedby"underthesearchresulttoexploresimilararticles. Ifyou'reaffiliatedwithauniversity,butdon'tseelinkssuchas"FindIt@Harvard",pleasecheckwithyourlocallibraryaboutthebestwaytoaccesstheironlinesubscriptions.Youmayneedtodosearchfromacomputeroncampus,ortoconfigureyourbrowsertousealibraryproxy. Gettingbetteranswers Ifyou'renewtothesubject,itmaybehelpfultopickuptheterminologyfromsecondarysources.E.g.,aWikipediaarticlefor"overweight"mightsuggestaScholarsearchfor"pediatrichyperalimentation". Ifthesearchresultsaretoospecificforyourneeds,checkoutwhatthey'recitingintheir"References"sections.Referencedworksareoftenmoregeneralinnature. Similarly,ifthesearchresultsaretoobasicforyou,click"Citedby"toseenewerpapersthatreferencedthem.Thesenewerpaperswilloftenbemorespecific. Explore!There'srarelyasingleanswertoaresearchquestion.Click"Relatedarticles"or"Citedby"toseecloselyrelatedwork,orsearchforauthor'snameandseewhatelsetheyhavewritten. SearchingGoogleScholar HowdoIsearchbyauthor? Usethe"author:"operator,e.g.,author:"dknuth"orauthor:"donaldeknuth". HowdoIsearchbytitle? Putthepaper'stitleinquotations:"AHistoryoftheChinaSea". HowdoIsortbydate? You'lloftengetbetterresultsifyousearchonlyrecentarticles,butstillsortthembyrelevance,notbydate.E.g.,click"Since2012"intheleftsidebarofthesearchresultspage. Toseetheabsolutelynewestarticlesfirst,click"Sortbydate"inthesidebar.Ifyouusethisfeaturealot,youmayalsofinditusefultosetupemailalertstohavenewresultsautomaticallysenttoyou. Note:Onsmallerscreensthatdon'tshowthesidebar,theseoptionsareavailableinthedropdownmenulabelled"Anytime"rightbelowthesearchbutton. HowdoIsearchforcourtopinions? Selectthe"Legaldocuments"optiononthehomepageorinthesidebaronthesearchresultspage. Whatdoesthe"Relatedarticles"linkdo? Itfindsdocumentssimilartothegivensearchresult. Whereisadvancedsearch? Clickonthearrowtotherightofthesearchbox.It'llbringuptheadvancedsearchwindowthatletsyousearchintheauthor,title,andpublicationfields,aswellaslimityoursearchresultsbydate. HowdoIsearchbyspecificjurisdictions? Selectthe"Legaldocuments"optionanddoakeywordsearchoveralljurisdictions.Then,clickthe"Selectcourts"buttonintheleftsidebaronthesearchresultspage. Tip:Toquicklysearchafrequentlyusedselectionofcourts,bookmarkasearchresultspagewiththedesiredselection. Accesstoarticles ForeachScholarsearchresult,wetrytofindaversionofthearticlethatyoucanread.Theseaccesslinksarelabelled[PDF]or[HTML]andappeartotherightofthesearchresult.Forexample: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=example [PDF]example.org Findit@Stanford Apaperthatyouneedtoread AAuthor,JDoe,JSmith,SElse… -SomeJournal …,2014-example.org Inthisfascinatingpaper,weinvestigatevarioustopicsthatwouldbeofinteresttoyou.Wealsodescribenewmethodsrelevanttoyourproject,andattempttoaddressseveralquestionswhichyouwouldalsoliketoknowtheanswerto.Lastly,weanalyze … Citedby35 Relatedarticles All6versions Accesslinkscoverawidevarietyofwaysinwhicharticlesmaybeavailabletoyou-articlesthatyourlibrarysubscribesto,openaccessarticles,free-to-readarticlesfrompublishers,preprints,articlesinrepositories,etc. Whenyouareonacampusnetwork,accesslinksautomaticallyincludeyourlibrarysubscriptionsanddirectyoutosubscribedversionsofarticles.On-campusaccesslinkscoversubscriptionsfromprimarypublishersaswellasaggregators. Off-campusaccess Off-campusaccesslinksletyoutakeyourlibrarysubscriptionswithyouwhenyouareathomeortraveling.Youcanreadsubscribedarticleswhenyouareoff-campusjustaseasilyaswhenyouareon-campus.Off-campusaccesslinksworkbyrecordingyoursubscriptionswhenyouvisitScholarwhileon-campus,andlookinguptherecordedsubscriptionslaterwhenyouareoff-campus. Weusetherecordedsubscriptionstoprovideyouwiththesamesubscribedaccesslinksasyouseeoncampus.Wealsoindicateyoursubscriptionaccesstoparticipatingpublisherssothattheycanallowyoutoreadthefull-textofthesearticleswithoutlogginginorusingaproxy.Therecordedsubscriptioninformationexpiresafter30daysandisautomaticallydeleted. InadditiontoGoogleScholarsearchresults,off-campusaccesslinkscanalsoappearonarticlesfrompublishersparticipatingintheoff-campussubscriptionaccessprogram.Lookforlinkslabeled[PDF]or[HTML]ontherighthandsideofarticlepages. https://example.com/abstract/1 Apaperthatyouneedtoread AnneAuthor,JohnDoe,JaneSmith,SomeoneElse Inthisfascinatingpaper,weinvestigatevarioustopicsthatwouldbeofinteresttoyou.Wealsodescribenewmethodsrelevanttoyourproject,andattempttoaddressseveralquestionswhichyouwouldalsoliketoknowtheanswerto.Lastly,weanalyze … [PDF] Help Youcandisableoff-campusaccesslinksontheScholarsettingspage.Disablingoff-campusaccesslinkswillturnoffrecordingofyourlibrarysubscriptions.Itwillalsoturnoffindicatingsubscriptionaccesstoparticipatingpublishers.Onceoff-campusaccesslinksaredisabled,youmayneedtoidentifyandconfigureanalternatemechanism(e.g.,aninstitutionalproxyorVPN)toaccessyourlibrarysubscriptionswhileoff-campus. EmailAlerts HowdoIsignupforemailalerts? Doasearchforthetopicofinterest,e.g.,"MTheory";clicktheenvelopeiconinthesidebarofthesearchresultspage;enteryouremailaddress,andclick"Createalert".We'llthenperiodicallyemailyounewlypublishedpapersthatmatchyoursearchcriteria. DoIneedaGoogleaccounttoreceiveemailalerts? No,youcanenteranyemailaddressofyourchoice.Iftheemailaddressisn'taGoogleaccountordoesn'tmatchyourGoogleaccount,thenwe'llemailyouaverificationlink,whichyou'llneedtoclickinordertostartreceivingalerts. HowdoIgetnotifiedwhenmypapersarecited? Thisworksbestifyoucreateapublicprofile,whichisfreeandquicktodo.Onceyougettothehomepagewithyourphoto,click"Follow"nexttoyourname,select"Newcitationstomyarticles",andclick"Done".Wewillthenemailyouwhenwefindnewarticlesthatciteyours. HowdoIgetnotifiedwhenaparticularpaperiscited? Searchforthetitleofyourpaper,e.g.,"AntideSitterspaceandholography";clickonthe"Citedby"linkatthebottomofthesearchresult;andthenclickontheenvelopeiconintheleftsidebarofthesearchresultspage. HowdoIgetnotifiedofnewpaperspublishedbymycompetitors,err,respectedcolleagues? First,doasearchforyourcolleague'sname,andseeiftheyhaveaScholarprofile.Iftheydo,clickonit,clickthe"Follow"buttonnexttotheirname,select"Newarticlesbythisauthor",andclick"Done". Iftheydon'thaveaprofile,doasearchbyauthor,e.g.,[author:s-hawking],andclickonthemightyenvelopeintheleftsidebarofthesearchresultspage.Ifyoufindthatseveraldifferentpeoplesharethesamename,youmayneedtoaddco-authornamesortopicalkeywordstolimitresultstotheauthoryouwishtofollow. Howoftendoyousendthealerts? WesendthealertsrightafterweaddnewpaperstoGoogleScholar.Thisusuallyhappensseveraltimesaweek,exceptthatoursearchrobotsmeticulouslyobserveholidays. HowdoIunsubscribe? There'salinktocancelthealertatthebottomofeverynotificationemail. HowdoIchangemyalerts? IfyoucreatedalertsusingaGoogleaccount,youcanmanagethemallhere.Ifyou'renotusingaGoogleaccount,you'llneedtounsubscribefromtheindividualalertsandsubscribetothenewones. GoogleScholarlibrary GoogleScholarlibraryisyourpersonalcollectionofarticles.Youcansavearticlesrightoffthesearchpage,organizethembytopic,andusethepowerofScholarsearchtoquicklyfindjusttheoneyouwant-atanytimeandfromanywhere.Youdecidewhatgoesintoyourlibrary,andwe’llkeepthelinksuptodate. YougetallthegoodiesthatcomewithScholarsearchresults-citingarticles,relatedarticles,formattedcitations,linkstoyouruniversity’ssubscriptions,andmore! Setupyourlibrary   Libraryhelp HowdoIaddanarticletomylibrary? FindthearticleyouwanttoaddinGoogleScholarandclickthe“Save”buttonunderthesearchresult. HowdoIfindanarticleinmylibrary? Click“Mylibrary”atthetopofthepageorinthesidedrawertoviewallarticlesinyourlibrary.Tosearchthefulltextofthesearticles,enteryourqueryasusualinthesearchbox. HowdoIremoveanarticlefrommylibrary? Findthearticleyouwanttoremove,andthenclickthe“Delete”buttonunderit. Mylibraryistoobig!CanIorganizeit? Youcanuselabels(forexample:“artificialintelligence”)tocategorizeyourarticles.Toaddalabeltoanarticle,findthearticleinyourlibrary,clickthe“Label”buttonunderit,selectthelabelyouwanttoapply,andclick“Done”.Toviewallthearticleswithaspecificlabel,clickthelabelnameintheleftcolumnofyourlibrarypage.Toremovealabelfromanarticle,clickthe“Label”buttonunderit,deselectthelabelyouwanttoremove,andclick“Done”.Toadd,edit,ordeletelabels,click“Managelabels”intheleftcolumnofyourlibrarypage. Whocanseethearticlesinmylibrary? Onlyyoucanseethearticlesinyourlibrary.IfyoucreateaScholarprofileandmakeitpublic,thenthearticlesinyourpublicprofile(andonlythosearticles)willbevisibletoeveryone. HowismylibraryrelatedtomyScholarprofile? Yourprofilecontainsallthearticlesyouhavewrittenyourself.It’sawaytopresentyourworktoothers,aswellastokeeptrackofcitationstoit.Yourlibraryisawaytoorganizethearticlesthatyou’dliketoreadorcite,notnecessarilytheonesyou’vewritten. CitationExport HowcanIaddthefullcitationofaresultonGoogleScholartomybibliographymanager? Visitthesettingspageandselectyourpreferredcitationformatinthe"BibliographyManager"section.WecurrentlysupportRefWorks,RefMan,EndNote,andBibTeX.Onceyou'vesavedyoursettings,wewilladdanimportlinktoeachsearchresult.Clickonthelinkfortheresultyouwouldliketosave. Iwroteaprogramtodownloadlotsofsearchresults,butyoublockedmycomputerfromaccessingGoogleScholar.Canyouraisethelimit? Err,no,pleaserespectourrobots.txtwhenyouaccessGoogleScholarusingautomatedsoftware.Asthewearersofcrawler'sshoesandwebmaster'shat,wecannotrecommendadherencetowebstandardshighlyenough. HowdoIgetbulkaccesstorecordsinGoogleScholar? Sorry,we'reunabletoprovidebulkaccess.You'llneedtomakeanarrangementdirectlywiththesourceofthedatayou'reinterestedin.KeepinmindthatalotoftherecordsinGoogleScholarcomefromcommercialsubscriptionservices. CanIseemorethan1,000searchresults? Sorry,wecanonlyshowupto1,000resultsforanyparticularsearchquery.Tryadifferentquerytogetmoreresults. ContentCoverage WhatdoyouincludeinGoogleScholar? GoogleScholarincludesjournalandconferencepapers,thesesanddissertations,academicbooks,pre-prints,abstracts,technicalreportsandotherscholarlyliteraturefromallbroadareasofresearch.You'llfindworksfromawidevarietyofacademicpublishers,professionalsocietiesanduniversityrepositories,aswellasscholarlyarticlesavailableanywhereacrosstheweb.GoogleScholaralsoincludescourtopinionsandpatents. DoyoucoverPubmed?JSTOR?Elsevier? Weindexresearcharticlesandabstractsfrommostmajoracademicpublishersandrepositoriesworldwide,includingbothfreeandsubscriptionsources.TocheckcurrentcoverageofaspecificsourceinGoogleScholar,searchforasampleoftheirarticletitlesinquotes. Whilewetrytobecomprehensive,itisn'tpossibletoguaranteeuninterruptedcoverageofanyparticularsource.Weindexarticlesfromsourcesalloverthewebandlinktothesewebsitesinoursearchresults.Ifoneofthesewebsitesbecomesunavailabletooursearchrobotsortoalargenumberofwebusers,wehavetoremoveitfromGoogleScholaruntilitbecomesavailableagain. Howcompleteisyourcoverage? Ourmeticuloussearchrobotsgenerallytrytoindexeverypaperfromeverywebsitetheyvisit,includingmostmajorsourcesandalsomanylesserknownones. Thatsaid,GoogleScholarisprimarilyasearchofacademicpapers.Shorterarticles,suchasbookreviews,newssections,editorials,announcementsandletters,mayormaynotbeincluded.Untitleddocumentsanddocumentswithoutauthorsareusuallynotincluded.WebsiteURLsthataren'tavailabletooursearchrobotsortothemajorityofwebusersare,obviously,notincludedeither.Nordoweincludewebsitesthatrequireyoutosignupforanaccount,installabrowserplugin,watchfourcolorfulads,andturnaroundthreetimesandsaycoo-coobeforeyoucanreadthelistingoftitlesscannedat10DPI...Yougettheidea,wecoveracademicpapersfromsensiblewebsites. Howcomeasearchfor[site:example.gov]returnsfarfewerresultsthanIexpect? That'susuallybecauseweindexmanyofthesepapersfromotherwebsites,suchasthewebsitesoftheirprimarypublishers.The"site:"operatorcurrentlyonlysearchestheprimaryversionofeachpaper. Itcouldalsobethatthepapersarelocatedonexamplejournals.gov,notonexample.gov.Pleasemakesureyou'researchingforthe"right"website. Thatsaid,thebestwaytocheckcoverageofaspecificsourceistosearchforasampleoftheirpapersusingthetitleofthepaper. Whichspecificjournalsdoyoucover? Ahem,weindexpapers,notjournals.Youshouldalsoaskaboutourcoverageofuniversities,researchgroups,proteins,seminalbreakthroughs,andotherdimensionsthatareofinteresttousers.Allsuchquestionsarebestansweredbysearchingforastatisticalsampleofpapersthathasthepropertyofinterest-journal,author,protein,etc.Manycoveragecomparisonsareavailableifyousearchfor[allintitle:"googlescholar"],butsomeofthemaremorestatisticallyvalidthanothers. Whichcourtopinionsdoyouinclude? Currently,GoogleScholarallowsyoutosearchandreadpublishedopinionsofUSstateappellateandsupremecourtcasessince1950,USfederaldistrict,appellate,taxandbankruptcycourtssince1923andUSSupremeCourtcasessince1791.Inaddition,itincludescitationsforcasescitedbyindexedopinionsorjournalarticleswhichallowsyoutofindinfluentialcases(usuallyolderorinternational)whicharenotyetonlineorpubliclyavailable. LegalopinionsinGoogleScholarareprovidedforinformationalpurposesonlyandshouldnotbereliedonasasubstituteforlegaladvicefromalicensedlawyer.Googledoesnotwarrantthattheinformationiscompleteoraccurate. HowfrequentlydoyouupdateGoogleScholar? Wenormallyaddnewpapersseveraltimesaweek.However,updatestoexistingrecordstake6-9monthstoayearorlonger,becauseinordertoupdateourrecords,weneedtofirstrecrawlthemfromthesourcewebsite.Formanylargerwebsites,thespeedatwhichwecanupdatetheirrecordsislimitedbythecrawlratethattheyallow. InclusionandCorrections ThedescriptionofmyarticleiswrongandIamappropriatelyirritated.HowdoIcorrectit? Weapologize,andweassureyoutheerrorwasunintentional.Automatedextractionofinformationfromarticlesindiversefieldscanbetricky,soanerrorsometimessneaksthrough. Pleasewritetotheownerofthewebsitewheretheerroneoussearchresultiscomingfrom,andencouragethemtoprovidecorrectbibliographicdatatous,asdescribedinthetechnicalguidelines.Oncethedataiscorrectedontheirwebsite,itusuallytakes6-9monthstoayearorlongerforittobeupdatedinGoogleScholar.Weappreciateyourhelpandyourpatience. HowdoIaddmypaperstoGoogleScholar? Ifyoucan'tfindyourpaperswhenyousearchforthembytitleandbyauthor,pleasereferyourpublishertoourtechnicalguidelines. YoucanalsodeposityourpapersintoyourinstitutionalrepositoryorputtheirPDFversionsonyourpersonalwebsite,butpleasefollowyourpublisher'srequirementswhenyoudoso.Seeourtechnicalguidelinesformoredetailsontheinclusionprocess. Wenormallyaddnewpapersseveraltimesaweek;however,itmighttakeussometimetocrawllargerwebsites,andcorrectionstoalreadyincludedpaperscantake6-9monthstoayearorlonger. Mycitationcountshavegonedown.Help! GoogleScholargenerallyreflectsthestateofthewebasitiscurrentlyvisibletooursearchrobotsandtothemajorityofusers.Whenyou'researchingforrelevantpaperstoread,youwouldn'twantitanyotherway! Ifyourcitationcountshavegonedown,chancesarethateitheryourpaperorpapersthatciteithaveeitherdisappearedfromthewebentirely,orhavebecomeunavailabletooursearchrobots,or,perhaps,havebeenreformattedinawaythatmadeitdifficultforourautomatedsoftwaretoidentifytheirbibliographicdataandreferences.Ifyouwishtocorrectthis,you'llneedtoidentifythespecificdocumentswithindexingproblemsandaskyourpublishertofixthem.Pleaserefertothetechnicalguidelines. Ihavenoticedanerrorinacourtopinionyouareproviding.WhatIcandotohelpfixit? Pleasedoletusknow.PleaseincludetheURLfortheopinion,thecorrectedinformationandasourcewherewecanverifythecorrection. We'reonlyabletomakecorrectionstocourtopinionsthatarehostedonourownwebsite.Forcorrectionstoacademicpapers,books,dissertationsandotherthird-partymaterial,clickonthesearchresultinquestionandcontacttheownerofthewebsitewherethedocumentcamefrom.ForcorrectionstobooksfromGoogleBookSearch,clickonthebook'stitleandlocatethelinktoprovidefeedbackatthebottomofthebook'spage. GeneralQuestions Whataretheresultsmarked[citation]andwhycan'tIclickonthem? Thesearearticleswhichotherscholarlyarticleshavereferredto,butwhichwehaven'tfoundonline.Toexcludethemfromyoursearchresults,uncheckthe"includecitations"boxontheleftsidebar. IjustfoundapromisingabstractintheJournalofProsimianDialecticalReasoning!CanIreadthefulltextofthearticleforfree? Maybe. First,clickonlinkslabeled[PDF]or[HTML]totherightofthesearchresult'stitle.Also,checkoutthe"Allversions"linkatthebottomofthesearchresult. Second,ifyou'reaffiliatedwithauniversity,usingacomputeroncampuswilloftenletyouaccessyourlibrary'sonlinesubscriptions.Lookforlinkslabeledwithyourlibrary'snametotherightofthesearchresult'stitle.Also,seeifthere'salinktothefulltextonthepublisher'spagewiththeabstract. Keepinmindthatfinalpublishedversionsareoftenonlyavailabletosubscribers,andthatsomearticlesarenotavailableonlineatall.Goodluck! Howcomeyou'reforgettingmysettings? Technically,yourwebbrowserremembersyoursettingsina"cookie"onyourcomputer'sdisk,andsendsthiscookietoourwebsitealongwitheverysearch.Checkthatyourbrowserisn'tconfiguredtodiscardourcookies.Also,checkifdisablingvariousproxiesoroverlyhelpfulprivacysettingsdoesthetrick.Eitherway,yoursettingsarestoredonyourcomputer,notonourservers,soalonghardlookatyourbrowser'spreferencesorinternetoptionsshouldhelpcurethemachine'sforgetfulness. Whyareyouaskingusto"Standontheshouldersofgiants"?Areyoureallygiants? Notevenclose.Thatphraseisouracknowledgementthatmuchofscholarlyresearchinvolvesbuildingonwhatothershavealreadydiscovered.It'stakenfromSirIsaacNewton'sfamousquote,"IfIhaveseenfurther,itisbystandingontheshouldersofgiants." Google Privacy&Terms