Boris Johnson - Wikipedia

Alexander Boris de Pfeffel Johnson is a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Conservative Party from 2019 ... BorisJohnson FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch PrimeMinisteroftheUnitedKingdomfrom2019to2022 TheRightHonourableBorisJohnsonHon FRIBAMPOfficialportrait,2019PrimeMinisteroftheUnitedKingdomInoffice24July2019 –6September2022MonarchElizabethIIDeputyDominicRaab[a]PrecededbyTheresaMaySucceededbyLizTrussLeaderoftheConservativePartyInoffice23July2019 –5September2022PrecededbyTheresaMaySucceededbyLizTrussSecretaryofStateforForeignandCommonwealthAffairsInoffice13July2016 –9July2018PrimeMinisterTheresaMayPrecededbyPhilipHammondSucceededbyJeremyHuntMayorofLondonInoffice3May2008 –9May2016Deputy RichardBarnes VictoriaBorwick RogerEvans PrecededbyKenLivingstoneSucceededbySadiqKhanMemberofParliamentforUxbridgeandSouthRuislipIncumbentAssumedoffice7May2015PrecededbyJohnRandallMajority7,210(15.0%)[1]MemberofParliamentforHenleyInoffice7June2001 –4June2008PrecededbyMichaelHeseltineSucceededbyJohnHowellShadowministerialposts2004ShadowMinisterfortheArts2005–2007ShadowMinisterforHigherEducation PersonaldetailsBornAlexanderBorisdePfeffelJohnson(1964-06-19)19June1964(age 58)NewYorkCity,USCitizenship UnitedKingdom UnitedStates(until2016)[2] PoliticalpartyConservativeSpouses AllegraMostyn-Owen ​​(1987⁠–⁠1993)​ MarinaWheeler ​​(m. 1993;div. 2020)​ CarrieSymonds​(m. 2021)​ Children7,includingLaraJohnson-Wheeler[3][4]Parents StanleyJohnson CharlotteFawcett Relatives RachelJohnson(sister) JoJohnson(brother) JuliaJohnson(half-sister) JamesFawcett(grandfather) EdmundFawcett(uncle) AliKemal(great-grandfather) EliasAveryLowe(great-grandfather) HelenTracyLowe-Porter(great-grandmother) EducationEtonCollegeAlmamaterBalliolCollege,Oxford(BA)SignatureWebsiteboris-johnson.org.ukWritingcareerGenreNon-fictionNotableworks Friends,Voters,Countrymen(2002) Seventy-TwoVirgins(2004) TheDreamofRome(2006) TheChurchillFactor(2014) ThisarticleispartofaseriesaboutBorisJohnson Politicalpositions Electoralhistory Publicimage MPforUxbridgeandSouthRuislip MPforHenley EditorofTheSpectator MayorofLondon Mayoralty 2008mayoralelection LondonBritanniaAirport SantanderCycles NewRoutemaster 2011riots 2012mayoralelection LondonCableCar 2012SummerOlympics 2012SummerParalympics GardenBridge EuropeanUnionreferendum Brexit causes VoteLeave EUreferendum aftermath 2016leadershipelection ForeignSecretary Yemenintervention Zaghari-Ratcliffecase 2018Salisburyattack Chequersplan Partyleadershipcampaign 2019election polling endorsements reactions Darrochresignation PrimeMinisteroftheUnitedKingdom Premiership Internationaltrips MinisterfortheUnion Firstministryandterm Firstministry departures SuspensionofrebelMPs BennAct 2019prorogation SupremeCourtcase Brexitdealrenegotiation Reviseddeal 2019generalelection GetBrexitDone Secondministryandterm Secondministry departures 2020reshuffle 2021reshuffle EUWithdrawalAgreement NorthernIrelandProtocol EUtradenegotiation cooperationagreement COVID-19response vaccinationprogramme contractscontroversy Cummingsscandal Partygate Levellingup COP26 Refurbcontroversy OwenPatersonscandal Rwandaasylumplan ProposedNIincrease RussianinvasionofUkraine militarybuildup foreignaid economicimpact Costoflivingcrisis 2022industrialdisputes railwaystrikes barristers'action ConservativePartyconfidencevote ChrisPincherscandal Governmentcrisis 2022reshuffle 2022leadershipelection HouseofCommonsconfidencevote ResignationHonours Bibliography Friends,Voters,Countrymen Seventy-TwoVirgins TheDreamofRome TheChurchillFactor Inpopularculture "Greasedpiglet" WhenBorisMetDave Brexit:TheUncivilWar ThisEngland BorisJohnsonIsaFuckingCunt vte AlexanderBorisdePfeffelJohnson(/ˈfɛfəl/;[5]born19June1964)isaBritishpoliticianwhoservedasPrimeMinisteroftheUnitedKingdomandLeaderoftheConservativePartyfrom2019to2022.HepreviouslyservedasSecretaryofStateforForeignandCommonwealthAffairsfrom2016to2018andasMayorofLondonfrom2008to2016.JohnsonhasbeenMemberofParliament(MP)forUxbridgeandSouthRuislipsince2015,havingpreviouslybeenMPforHenleyfrom2001to2008. JohnsonattendedEtonCollegeandreadClassicsatBalliolCollege,Oxford.HewaselectedpresidentoftheOxfordUnionin1986.In1989hebecametheBrusselscorrespondent—andlaterpoliticalcolumnist—forTheDailyTelegraphandfrom1999to2005wastheeditorofTheSpectator.Followinghiselectiontoparliamentin2001JohnsonwasashadowministerunderConservativeleadersMichaelHowardandDavidCameron.In2008,hewaselectedmayorofLondonandresignedfromtheHouseofCommons;hewasre-electedasmayorin2012.Inthe2015generalelection,JohnsonwaselectedMPforUxbridgeandSouthRuislip.Thefollowingyear,hedidnotseekre-electionasmayor.HebecameaprominentfigureinthesuccessfulVoteLeavecampaignforBrexitinthe2016EuropeanUnion(EU)membershipreferendum.TheresaMayappointedhimforeignsecretaryafterthereferendum;heresignedthepositiontwoyearslaterinprotesttotheChequersAgreementandMay'sapproachtoBrexit. In2019,JohnsonwaselectedLeaderoftheConservativeParty,defeatingJeremyHunt.Here-openedBrexitnegotiationsandinearlySeptembercontroversiallyproroguedParliament;theSupremeCourtlaterthatmonthruledtheactionunlawful.[b]AfteragreeingtoarevisedBrexitwithdrawalagreement,whichreplacedtheIrishbackstopwithanewNorthernIrelandProtocol,butfailingtowinparliamentarysupportfortheagreement,JohnsoncalledasnapelectionforDecember2019inwhichheledtheConservativePartytovictorywith43.6percentofthevote,andtheparty'slargestseatsharesince1987.On31January2020,theUnitedKingdomwithdrewfromtheEU,enteringintoatransitionperiodandtradenegotiationsleadingtotheEU–UKTradeandCooperationAgreement. TheCOVID-19pandemicbecameamajorissueofhispremiership;thegovernmentrespondedbyintroducingvariousemergencypowersandmeasuresacrosssocietytomitigatethepandemic'simpact,andapprovedtherolloutofanationwidevaccinationprogramme. BeginninginDecember2021,itemergedthatgovernmentofficialshadattendedsocialgatheringswhichbreachedCOVID-19regulations,acontroversyknownas"Partygate".InApril2022,Johnsonreceivedafixedpenaltynoticeforattendingoneofthesegatherings,becomingthefirstprimeministeroftheUnitedKingdomtobesanctionedforbreakingthelawwhileinoffice.ThepublishingoftheSueGrayreportandawidespreadsenseofdissatisfactionledinJune2022toavoteofconfidenceinhisleadershipamongConservativeMPs,whichhewon.InJuly2022,revelationsoverhishiringofChrisPincherasDeputyChiefWhipledtoamassresignationofministersfromhisgovernmentandtoJohnsonannouncinghisresignation.Heleftofficeon6Septemberaftertheleadershipelectionforhissuccessorwascompleted,andwassucceededbyLizTruss,hisForeignSecretary.[7]HeremainsintheHouseofCommonsasabackbencher. JohnsonisacontroversialfigureinBritishpolitics.[8][9]Supportershavepraisedhimashumorous,witty,andentertaining,[10]withanappealstretchingbeyondtraditionalConservativePartyvoters.[11][12]Conversely,hiscriticshaveaccusedhimoflying,elitism,cronyismandbigotry.[13][14][15]Johnson'spoliticalpositionshavesometimesbeendescribedasfollowingone-nationconservatism,andcommentatorshavecharacterisedhispoliticalstyleasopportunistic,populist,orpragmatic.[16][17][18] Contents 1Earlylife 1.1Childhood 1.2EtonandOxford:1977–1987 2Earlycareer 2.1TheTimesandTheDailyTelegraph:1987–1994 2.2Politicalcolumnist:1994–1999 2.3TheSpectatorandMPforHenley:1999–2008 2.3.1BecominganMP 2.3.2Secondterm 3MayorofLondon(2008–2016) 3.1Mayoralelection:2007–2008 3.2Firstterm:2008–2012 3.2.1Policies 3.2.2Relationswithpolice,finance,andthemedia 3.2.3Re-electioncampaign 3.3Secondterm:2012–2016 4ReturntoParliament 4.1Brexitcampaign:2015–2016 4.2ForeignSecretary:2016–2018 4.3Returntothebackbenches:2018–2019 4.3.1Journalism 4.3.22019ConservativePartyleadershipelection 5PrimeMinisteroftheUnitedKingdom(2019–2022) 5.1Firstterm(July–December2019) 5.1.1Brexitpolicy 5.1.2FirstCabinet 5.1.3Spendingplans 5.1.4Lossofworkingmajority 5.1.52019generalelection 5.2Secondterm(December2019–September2022) 5.2.1SecondCabinet 5.2.2COVID-19pandemic 5.2.3DepartureofDominicCummingsandLeeCain 5.2.4Legislativeagenda 5.2.52021DowningStreetrefurbishmentcontroversy 5.2.62021energycrisis 5.2.72021Partyconferencespeech 5.2.8OwenPatersoncontroversy 5.2.9Partygatescandal 5.2.10Starmerslurcontroversy 5.2.11Newhospitals 5.2.12Voteofconfidence 5.2.13Juneby-elections 5.2.14Pincherscandal 5.2.15Massresignations 5.2.16Announcementofresignation 5.3LGBTissues 5.4Environmentalpolicies 5.5Foreignpolicy 5.5.1Chagosdispute 5.5.2HongKongandChina 5.5.3Afghanistan 5.5.4UK–EUtradenegotiation 5.5.5RussiaandUkraine 6PostPrimeMinistarialcareer 7ElectoralperformancefortheHouseofCommons 7.11997generalelection,ClwydSouth 7.22001generalelection,Henley 7.32005generalelection,Henley 7.42015generalelection,UxbridgeandSouthRuislip 7.52017generalelection,UxbridgeandSouthRuislip 7.62019generalelection,UxbridgeandSouthRuislip 8Politicalpositionsandideology 8.1Environment 8.2ImmigrationandtheEuropeanUnion 8.3Unionismanddevolution 9Publicimage 10Personallife 10.1Religion 10.2Relationships 10.3Familyandancestors 11Honours 12Works 13Seealso 14Notes 15References 15.1Footnotes 15.2Sources 16Furtherreading 17Externallinks Earlylife Childhood AlexanderBorisdePfeffelJohnsonwasbornon19 June1964intheUpperEastSideofManhattan,NewYorkCity,[19][20]to23-year-oldStanleyJohnson,thenstudyingeconomicsatColumbiaUniversity,[21]and22-year-oldCharlotteFawcett,[22]anartistfromafamilyofliberalintellectuals.Johnson'sparentshadmarriedin1963beforemovingtotheUnitedStates.[23]InSeptember1964,theyreturnedtotheirnativeEngland,sothatCharlottecouldstudyattheUniversityofOxford;[24]duringthistime,shelivedwithhersoninSummertown,asuburbofOxford,andin1965shegavebirthtoadaughter,Rachel.[25]InJuly1965,thefamilymovedtoCrouchEndinnorthLondon,[26]andinFebruary1966theyrelocatedtoWashington,D.C.,whereStanleyhadgainedemploymentwiththeWorldBank.[27]Stanleythentookajobwithapolicypanelonpopulationcontrol,andmovedthefamilytoNorwalk,Connecticut,inJune.[28]Athirdchild,Leo,wasborninSeptember1967.[29] AshdownHousepreparatoryschool,EastSussex,attendedbyJohnsonfrom1975to1977 In1969,thefamilyreturnedtoEnglandandsettledintoWestNethercoteFarm,nearWinsfordinSomerset,Stanley'sremotefamilyhomeonExmoorintheWestCountry.[30]There,Johnsongainedhisfirstexperiencesoffoxhunting.[31]HisfatherwasregularlyabsentfromNethercote,leavingJohnsontoberaisedlargelybyhismother,assistedbyaupairs.[32]Asachild,Johnsonwasquietandstudious[26]andwasdeaf,resultinginseveraloperationstoinsertgrommetsintohisears.[33]Heandhissiblingswereencouragedtoengageinhighbrowactivitiesfromayoungage,[34]withhighachievementbeinggreatlyvalued;Johnson'searliestrecordedambitionwastobe"worldking".[35]Havingfewornofriendsotherthantheirsiblings,thechildrenbecameveryclose.[36] Inlate1969,thefamilymovedtoMaidaValeinWestLondon,whileStanleybeganpost-graduateresearchattheLondonSchoolofEconomics.[37]In1970,CharlotteandthechildrenbrieflyreturnedtoNethercote,whereJohnsonattendedWinsfordVillageSchool,beforereturningtoLondontosettleinPrimroseHill,[38]wheretheywereeducatedatPrimroseHillPrimarySchool.[39]Afourthchildandthirdson,Joseph,wasborninlate1971.[40] AfterStanleysecuredemploymentattheEuropeanCommission,hemovedhisfamilyinApril1973toUccle,Brussels,whereJohnsonattendedtheEuropeanSchool,Brussels IandlearnttospeakFrench.[41][42]Charlottehadanervousbreakdownandwashospitalisedwithclinicaldepression,afterwhichJohnsonandhissiblingsweresentbacktoEnglandin1975toattendAshdownHouse,apreparatoryboardingschoolinEastSussex.[43]There,hedevelopedaloveofrugbyandexcelledatAncientGreekandLatin,[44]buttheteachers'useofcorporalpunishmentappalledhim.[45]Meanwhile,inDecember1978hisparents'relationshipbrokedown;theydivorcedin1980,[46]andCharlottemovedintoaflatinNottingHill,WestLondon,whereherchildrenjoinedherformuchoftheirtime.[47] EtonandOxford:1977–1987 AsakidIwasextremelyspotty,extremelynerdyandhorriblyswotty.MyideaofareallygoodtimewastotravelacrossLondononthetubetovisittheBritishMuseum. —BorisJohnson[48] JohnsongainedaKing'sScholarshiptostudyatEtonCollege,aboardingschoolnearWindsorinBerkshire.[49]Arrivingintheautumntermof1977,[50]hebeganusinghismiddlenameBorisratherthanhisfirstnameAlexander,[51]anddeveloped"theeccentricEnglishpersona"forwhichhebecamefamous.[52]Heabandonedhismother'sCatholicismandbecameanAnglican,joiningtheChurchofEngland.[53]Schoolreportscomplainedabouthisidleness,complacencyandlateness,[54]buthewaspopularandwellknownatEton.[52]Hisfriendswerelargelyfromthewealthyupper-middleandupperclasses,hisbestfriendsthenbeingDariusGuppyandCharlesSpencer,bothofwhomlateraccompaniedhimtotheUniversityofOxfordandremainedfriendsintoadulthood.[55]JohnsonexcelledinEnglishandtheClassics,winningprizesinboth,[56]andbecamesecretaryoftheschooldebatingsociety,[57]andeditoroftheschoolnewspaper,TheEtonCollegeChronicle.[58]Inlate1981,hewaselectedamemberofPop,[59]thesmall,self-selectingeliteandglamorousgroupofprefects.LaterinJohnson'scareeritwasapointofrivalrywithDavidCameron,whohadfailedtoenterPop.OnleavingEton,JohnsonwentonagapyeartoAustralia,wherehetaughtEnglishandLatinatTimbertop,anOutwardBound-inspiredcampusofGeelongGrammar,aneliteindependentboardingschool.[60][61][62] JohnsonreadClassicsatBalliolCollege,Oxford. JohnsonwonascholarshiptoreadLiteraeHumanioresatBalliolCollege,Oxford,afour-yearcourseinthestudyoftheClassics,ancientliteratureandclassicalphilosophy.[63]Matriculatingattheuniversityinlate1983,[64]hewasoneofagenerationofOxfordundergraduateswhowerelatertodominateBritishpoliticsandmediaintheseconddecadeofthe21stcentury;amongthemDavidCameron,WilliamHague,MichaelGove,JeremyHuntandNickBolesallwentontobecomeseniorConservativePartypoliticians.[65]WhileatOxford,Johnsonparticipatedincollegerugbyunion,playingasatightheadpropforBalliolCollege'steamforfouryears.[66]Tohislaterregret,hejoinedtheOldEtonian-dominatedBullingdonClub,anexclusivedrinkingsocietynotoriousforactsofvandalismonhostpremises.[67][68][69]Manyyearslater,agroupphotographincludinghimselfandCameroninBullingdonClubformaldressledtomuchnegativepresscoverage.HebeganarelationshipwithAllegraMostyn-Owen,covergirlforTatlermagazineanddaughterofChristie'sEducationchairmanWilliamMostyn-Owen.Shewasaglamorousandpopularfellowstudentfromhisownsocialbackground;theybecameengagedwhileatuniversity.[70] JohnsonwaspopularandwellknownatOxford.[71]AlongsideGuppy,heco-editedtheuniversity'ssatiricalmagazineTributary.[72]In1984,JohnsonwaselectedsecretaryoftheOxfordUnion,[73]andcampaignedunsuccessfullyforthecareer-enhancingandimportantpositionofUnionPresident.[74]In1986,Johnsonransuccessfullyforpresident,[75]buthistermwasnotparticularlydistinguishedormemorable[76]andquestionswereraisedregardinghiscompetenceandseriousness.[77]Finally,Johnsonwasawardedanuppersecond-classdegree,[78][79]andwasdeeplyunhappyhedidnotreceiveafirst.[80] Earlycareer TheTimesandTheDailyTelegraph:1987–1994 Isawthewhole[EuropeanUnion]change.Itwasawonderfultimetobethere.TheBerlinWallfellandtheFrenchandGermanshadtodecidehowtheyweregoingtorespondtothisevent,andwhatwasEuropegoingtobecome,andtherewasthisfantasticpressuretocreateasinglepolity,tocreateananswertothehistoricGermanproblem,andthisproducedthemostfantasticstrainsintheConservativeParty,soeverythingIwrotefromBrussels,IfoundwassortofchuckingtheserocksoverthegardenwallandIlistenedtothisamazingcrashfromthegreenhousenextdooroverinEnglandaseverythingIwrotefromBrusselswashavingthisamazing,explosiveeffectontheToryparty,anditreallygavemethisIsupposeratherweirdsenseofpower. –BorisJohnson[81] InSeptember1987,JohnsonandMostyn-OwenweremarriedinWestFelton,Shropshire,accompaniedbyaduetforviolinandviolaAllegraeBoris[82]speciallycommissionedfortheweddingfromHansWernerHenze.[83]AfterahoneymooninEgypt,theysettledinWestKensington,WestLondon,[84]whenhesecuredworkforamanagementconsultancycompany,L.E.K.Consulting;heresignedafteraweek.[85]Inlate1987,throughfamilyconnections,hebeganworkasagraduatetraineeatTheTimes.[86]ScandaleruptedwhenJohnsonwroteanarticleforthenewspaper,onthearchaeologicaldiscoveryofEdward II'spalace,havinginventedaquoteforthearticlewhichhefalselyattributedtothehistorianColinLucas,hisgodfather.AftertheeditorCharlesWilsonlearntofthematter,hedismissedJohnson.[87] Johnsonsecuredemploymentontheleader-writingdeskofTheDailyTelegraph,havingmetitseditor,MaxHastings,duringhisOxfordUniversityUnionpresidency.[88]Hisarticlesappealedtothenewspaper'sconservative,middle-class,middle-aged"MiddleEngland"readership,[89]andwereknownfortheirdistinctiveliterarystyle,repletewithold-fashionedwordsandphrasesandforregularlyreferringtothereadershipas"myfriends".[90]Inearly1989,Johnsonwasappointedtothenewspaper'sBrusselsbureautoreportontheEuropeanCommission,[91]remaininginthepostuntil1994.[92]AstrongcriticoftheintegrationistCommissionPresidentJacquesDelors,heestablishedhimselfasoneofthecity'sfewEuroscepticjournalists.[93]HewrotearticlesabouteuromythssuchastheEUwantingtobanprawncocktailcrispsandBritishsausagesandstandardisecondomsizesbecauseItalianshadsmallerpenises.[94]HewrotethatBrusselshadrecruitedsnifferstoensurethatEuro-manuresmellsthesame,[95]andthattheEurocratswereabouttodictatetheacceptablecurveofbananas[c]andthelimitsonthepowerofvacuumcleaners,[97][d]andtoorderwomentoreturntheiroldsextoys.[95]Hewrotethateuronotesmadepeopleimpotent,thateurocoinsmadepeoplesick,andthataplantoblowuptheBerlaymontwasinplacebecauseasbestoscladdingmadethebuildingtoodangeroustoinhabit.[95]Manyofhisfellowjournaliststherewerecriticalofhisarticles,opiningtheyoftencontainedliesdesignedtodiscreditthecommission.[100]TheEurophileConservativepoliticianChrisPattenlaterstatedatthattimeJohnsonwas"oneofthegreatestexponentsoffakejournalism".[92]JohnsonopposedbanninghandgunsaftertheDunblaneschoolmassacrewritinginhiscolumn"Nannyisconfiscatingtheirtoys.ItislikeoneofthosevastIndianprogrammesofcompulsoryvasectomy."[101] JohnsonbiographerAndrewGimsonbelievedthesearticlesmadehim"oneof[Euroscepticism's]mostfamousexponents".[81]AccordingtolaterbiographerSoniaPurnell—whowasJohnson'sBrusselsdeputy[92]—hehelpedmakeEuroscepticism"anattractiveandemotionallyresonantcausefortheRight",whereasithadbeenassociatedpreviouslywiththeBritishLeft.[102]Johnson'sarticlesestablishedhimasthefavouritejournalistoftheConservativePrimeMinisterMargaretThatcher,[103]butJohnsonannoyedhersuccessor,theEurophileJohnMajor,whospentagreatdealoftimeattemptingtorefutewhatJohnsonsaid.[104]Johnson'sarticlesexacerbatedtensionsbetweentheConservativeParty'sEuroscepticandEurophilefactions.Asaresult,heearnedthemistrustofmanypartymembers.[105]HiswritingswerealsoakeyinfluenceontheemergenceoftheEU-opposingUKIndependenceParty(UKIP)intheearly1990s.[102]ConradBlack,thenproprietorofTheDailyTelegraph,saidJohnson"wassuchaneffectivecorrespondentforusinBrusselsthathegreatlyinfluencedBritishopiniononthiscountry'srelationswithEurope".[106] InFebruary1990,Johnson'swifeAllegralefthim;afterseveralattemptsatreconciliation,theirmarriageendedinApril1993.[107][108]Hethenenteredarelationshipwithachildhoodfriend,MarinaWheeler,whohadmovedtoBrusselsin1990,[109]andinMay1993,theyweremarriedatHorshaminSussex,[110]soonafterwhichMarinagavebirthtoadaughter.[111]JohnsonandhisnewwifesettledinIslington,NorthLondon,[112]anareaknownasthehomeoftheleft-liberalintelligentsia.Undertheinfluenceofthismilieu,andofhiswife,Johnsonmovedinamoreliberaldirectiononissueslikeclimatechange,LGBTrightsandracerelations.[113]WhileinIslington,thecouplehadthreemorechildren,allgiventhesurnameJohnson-Wheeler.[114]TheyweresenttothelocalCanonburyPrimarySchoolandthentoprivatesecondaryschools.[115]Devotingmuchtimetohischildren,Johnsonwroteabookofverse,PerilsofthePushyParents –ACautionaryTale,whichwaspublishedtolargelypoorreviews.[116] Politicalcolumnist:1994–1999 BackinLondon,HastingsturneddownJohnson'srequesttobecomeawarreporter,[117]insteadpromotinghimtothepositionofassistanteditorandchiefpoliticalcolumnist.[118]Johnson'scolumnreceivedpraiseforbeingideologicallyeclecticanddistinctivelywritten,andearnedhimaCommentatoroftheYearAwardattheWhatthePapersSayawards.[119]Somecriticscondemnedhiswritingstyleasbigotry;invariouscolumnsheusedthewords"piccaninnies"and"watermelonsmiles"whenreferringtoAfricans,championedEuropeancolonialisminUganda[120][121][122]andreferredtogaymenas"tank-toppedbumboys".[123] Contemplatingapoliticalcareer,in1993,JohnsonoutlinedhisdesiretostandasaConservativecandidatetobeaMemberoftheEuropeanParliament(MEP)inthe1994EuropeanParliamentelections.AndrewMitchellconvincedMajornottovetoJohnson'scandidacy,butJohnsoncouldnotfindaconstituency.[124]HesubsequentlyturnedhisattentiontoobtainingaseatintheUKHouseofCommons.AfterbeingrejectedasConservativecandidateforHolbornandSt.Pancras,hispartyselectedhimthecandidateforClwydSouthinnorthWales,thenaLabourPartysafeseat.Spendingsixweekscampaigning,heattained9,091votes(23percent)inthe1997generalelection,losingtotheLabourcandidate.[125] ScandaleruptedinJune1995whenarecordingofa1990telephoneconversationbetweenJohnsonandhisfriendDariusGuppywasmadepublic.[126]Intheconversation,GuppysaidthathiscriminalactivitiesinvolvinginsurancefraudwerebeinginvestigatedbyNewsoftheWorldjournalistStuartCollier,andheaskedJohnsontoprovidehimwithCollier'sprivateaddress,seekingtohavethelatterbeatentotheextentof"acoupleofblackeyesandacrackedriborsomethinglikethat".Johnsonagreedtosupplytheinformation,althoughheexpressedconcernthathewouldbeassociatedwiththeattack.[126]Whenthephoneconversationwaspublishedin1995,JohnsonstatedthatultimatelyhehadnotobligedGuppy'srequest.HastingsreprimandedJohnsonbutdidnotdismisshim.[126] JohnsonwasgivenaregularcolumninTheSpectator,sisterpublicationtoTheDailyTelegraph,whichattractedmixedreviewsandwasoftenthoughtrushed.[127]In1999,hewasalsogivenacolumnreviewingnewcarsinthemagazineGQ.[128]Hisbehaviourregularlydisgruntledhiseditors;thelargenumberofparkingfinesthatJohnsonacquiredwhiletestingcarsfrustratedGQstaff.[123]AtTheDailyTelegraphandTheSpectator,hewasconsistentlylatedeliveringhiscopy,forcingmanystafftostaylatetoaccommodatehim;somerelatedthatiftheypublishedwithouthisworkincluded,hewouldgetangryandshoutatthemwithexpletives.[129] Johnson'sappearanceonanApril1998episodeoftheBBC'ssatiricalcurrentaffairsshowHaveIGotNewsforYoubroughthimnationalfame.[130]Hewasinvitedbackontolaterepisodes,includingasaguestpresenter;forhis2003appearance,JohnsonreceivedanominationfortheBAFTATelevisionAwardforBestEntertainmentPerformance.[131][132]Aftertheseappearances,hecametoberecognisedonthestreetbythepublic,andwasinvitedtoappearonothertelevisionshows,suchasTopGear,Parkinson,BreakfastwithFrost,andthepoliticalshowQuestionTime.[133] TheSpectatorandMPforHenley:1999–2008 Johnsonin2007 InJuly1999,ConradBlackofferedJohnsontheeditorshipofTheSpectatorontheconditionheabandonhisparliamentaryaspirations;Johnsonagreed.[134]WhileretainingTheSpectator'straditionalright-wingbent,Johnsonwelcomedcontributionsfromleftistwritersandcartoonists.[135]UnderJohnson'seditorship,themagazine'scirculationgrewby10%to62,000anditbegantoturnaprofit.[136]Hiseditorshipalsodrewcriticism;someopinedthatunderhimTheSpectatoravoidedseriousissues,[137]whilecolleaguesbecameannoyedthathewasregularlyabsentfromtheoffice,meetings,andevents.[138]Hegainedareputationasapoorpoliticalpunditbecauseofincorrectpoliticalpredictionsmadeinthemagazine.[137]Hisfather-in-lawCharlesWheelerandothersstronglycriticisedhimforallowingSpectatorcolumnistTakiTheodoracopulostopublishracistandantisemiticlanguageinthemagazine.[139][140] JournalistCharlotteEdwardeswroteinTheTimesin2019allegingthatJohnsonhadsqueezedherthighataprivatelunchintheofficesoftheSpectatorin1999andthatanotherwomanhadtoldherhehaddonethesametoher.ADowningStreetspokesmandeniedtheallegation.[141][142] In2004,JohnsonpublishedaneditorialinTheSpectatorafterthemurderofKenBigleysuggestingthatLiverpudlianswerewallowingintheirvictimstatusandalso"hookedongrief"overtheHillsboroughdisaster,whichJohnsonpartlyblamedon"drunkenfans".[143][144]Inanappendixaddedtoalatereditionofhis2005bookabouttheRomanempire,TheDreamofRome,TellMAMAandtheMuslimCouncilofBritainstronglycriticisedJohnsonforarguingIslamhascausedtheMuslimworldtobe"literallycenturiesbehind"theWest.[145] BecominganMP TheselectionofBorisJohnson ...confirmstheToryParty'sincreasingweaknessforcelebritypersonalitiesoverthedrearyexigenciesofpolitics.Johnson,forallhisgifts,isunlikelytograceanyfutureTorycabinet.Indeed,heisnotknownforhisexcessiveinterestinseriouspolicymatters,anditishardtoseehimgrubbingawayatadministrativedetailasanobscure,hardworkingjuniorministerforsocialsecurity.TomaintainhisfunnymanreputationhewillnodoubtfindhimselfrefininghisBertieWoosterinterpretationtothepointwheretheimpersonationbecomestheman. –MaxHastings,LondonEveningStandard,[146] FollowingMichaelHeseltine'sretirement,JohnsondecidedtostandasConservativecandidateforHenley,aConservativesafeseatinOxfordshire.[147]ThelocalConservativebranchselectedhimalthoughitwassplitoverJohnson'scandidacy.Somethoughthimamusingandcharmingwhileothersdislikedhisflippantattitudeandlackofknowledgeofthelocalarea.[148]Boostedbyhistelevisionfame,Johnsonwontheseatinthe2001generalelectionwithamajorityof8,500votes.[149]AlongsidehisIslingtonhome,JohnsonboughtafarmhouseoutsideThameinhisnewconstituency.[150]HeregularlyattendedHenleysocialeventsandoccasionallywrotefortheHenleyStandard.[151]Hisconstituencysurgeriesprovedpopular,andhejoinedlocalcampaignstostoptheclosureofTownlandsHospitalandthelocalairambulance.[152] InParliament,JohnsonwasappointedtoastandingcommitteeassessingtheProceedsofCrimeBill,butmissedmanyofitsmeetings.[153]Despitehiscredentialsasapublicspeaker,hisspeechesintheHouseofCommonswerewidelydeemedlacklustre;Johnsonlatercalledthem"crap".[154]InhisfirstfouryearsasMP,heattendedjustoverhalfoftheCommonsvotes;inhissecondterm,thisdeclinedto45percent.[155]HeusuallysupportedtheConservativepartylinebutrebelledagainstitfivetimesinthisperiod.[156]Infreevotes,hedemonstratedamoresociallyliberalattitudethanmanycolleagues,supportingtheGenderRecognitionAct2004andtherepealofSection28.[157][158]However,in2001,JohnsonhadspokenoutagainstplanstorepealSection28,sayingitwas"Labour'sappallingagenda,encouragingtheteachingofhomosexualityinschools".[159][160]Afterinitiallystatinghewouldnot,hevotedinsupportofthegovernment'splanstojointheUSinthe2003invasionofIraq,[150]andinApril2003visitedoccupiedBaghdad.[161]InAugust2004,hebackedunsuccessfulimpeachmentproceduresagainstPrimeMinisterTonyBlairfor"highcrimesandmisdemeanours"regardingthewar,[162]andinDecember2006describedtheinvasionas"acolossalmistakeandmisadventure".[163] AlthoughlabellingJohnson"ineffablyduplicitous"forbreakinghispromisenottobecomeanMP,Blackdecidednottodismisshimbecausehe"helpedpromotethemagazineandraiseitscirculation".[164]JohnsonremainededitorofTheSpectator,alsowritingcolumnsforTheDailyTelegraphandGQ,andmakingtelevisionappearances.[165]His2001book,Friends,Voters,Countrymen:JottingsontheStump,recountedthatyear'selectioncampaign,[166]while2003'sLendMeYourEarscollectedtogetherpreviouslypublishedcolumnsandarticles.[167]In2004,HarperCollinspublishedhisfirstnovel:Seventy-TwoVirgins:AComedyofErrorsrevolvedaroundthelifeofaConservativeMPandcontainedvariousautobiographicalelements.[168]Respondingtocriticswhoarguedhewasjugglingtoomanyjobs,hecitedWinstonChurchillandBenjaminDisraeliasexemplarswhocombinedtheirpoliticalandliterarycareers.[169]Tomanagethestress,hetookupjoggingandcycling,[170]andbecamesowellknownforthelatterthatGimsonsuggestedhewas"perhapsthemostfamouscyclistinBritain".[171] FollowingWilliamHague'sresignationasConservativeleader,JohnsonbackedKennethClarke,regardingClarkeastheonlycandidatecapableofwinningageneralelection;thepartyelectedIainDuncanSmith.[172]JohnsonhadastrainedrelationshipwithDuncanSmith,andTheSpectatorbecamecriticalofhispartyleadership.[173]DuncanSmithwasremovedfromhispositioninNovember2003andreplacedbyMichaelHoward;HowarddeemedJohnsontobethemostpopularConservativepoliticianwiththeelectorateandappointedhimvice-chairmanoftheparty,responsibleforoverseeingitselectoralcampaign.[174]InhisShadowCabinetreshuffleofMay2004,HowardappointedJohnsontothepositionofshadowartsminister.[175]InOctober,HowardorderedJohnsontoapologisepubliclyinLiverpoolforpublishingaSpectatorarticle—anonymouslywrittenbySimonHeffer–whichsaidthecrowdsattheHillsboroughdisasterhadcontributedtowardstheincidentandthatLiverpudlianshadapredilectionforrelianceonthewelfarestate.[176][177] InNovember2004,tabloidsrevealedthatsince2000JohnsonhadbeenhavinganaffairwithSpectatorcolumnistPetronellaWyatt,resultingintwoterminatedpregnancies.Johnsoninitiallycalledtheclaims"aninvertedpyramidofpiffle".[178]Aftertheallegationswereproven,HowardaskedJohnsontoresignasvice-chairmanandshadowartsministerforpubliclylying;whenJohnsonrefused,Howarddismissedhimfromthosepositions.[179][180]InJuly2005,Who'stheDaddy?,aplaybyTheSpectator'stheatrecriticsTobyYoungandLloydEvansbeingperformedatIslington'sKing'sHeadTheatre,satirisedthescandal.[181] Secondterm AsShadowMinisterforHigherEducation,Johnsonvisitedvariousuniversities(ashereattheUniversityofNottinghamin2006) Inthe2005generalelection,Johnsonwasre-electedMPforHenley,increasinghismajorityto12,793.[182]LabourwontheelectionandHowardstooddownasConservativeleader;JohnsonbackedDavidCameronashissuccessor.[183]AfterCameronwaselected,heappointedJohnsonastheshadowhighereducationminister,acknowledginghispopularityamongstudents.[184]Interestedinstreamlininguniversityfunding,[185]JohnsonsupportedLabour'sproposedtop-upfees.[186]Hecampaignedin2006tobecometheRectoroftheUniversityofEdinburgh,buthissupportfortop-upfeesdamagedhiscampaign,andhecamethird.[187][188] InApril2006,theNewsoftheWorldallegedthatJohnsonwashavinganaffairwiththejournalistAnnaFazackerley;thepairdidnotcomment,andshortlyafterwardsJohnsonbeganemployingFazackerley.[189][190]Thatmonth,heattractedfurtherpublicattentionforrugby-tacklingformerfootballerMaurizioGaudinoinacharityfootballmatch.[191]InSeptember2006,PapuaNewGuinea'sHighCommissionprotestedafterhecomparedtheConservatives'frequentlychangingleadershiptocannibalisminPapuaNewGuinea.[192] In2005,TheSpectator'snewchiefexecutive,AndrewNeil,dismissedJohnsonaseditor.[193]Tomakeupforthislossofincome,JohnsonnegotiatedwithTheDailyTelegraphtoraisehisannualfeefrom£200,000to£250,000,averagingat£5,000percolumn,eachofwhichtookuparoundanhourandahalfofhistime.[194][195]Hepresentedapopularhistorytelevisionshow,TheDreamofRome,whichwasbroadcastinJanuary2006;abookfollowedinFebruary.[196]Asequel,AfterRome,focusedonearlyIslamichistory.[197]Asaresultofhisvariousactivities,in2007,heearned£540,000,makinghimtheUK'sthird-highest-earningMPthatyear.[198] MayorofLondon(2008–2016) Mainarticle:MayoraltyofBorisJohnson Mayoralelection:2007–2008 Mainarticle:2008Londonmayoralelection Seealso:2007LondonConservativePartymayoralselection InJuly2007,JohnsonannouncedhiscandidacytobetheConservativecandidateforMayorofLondoninthe2008mayoralelection.[199][200]InSeptember,hewasselectedaftergaining79percentofthevoteinapublicLondon-wideprimary.[201][202] Johnsonpledgedtoreplacethecity'sarticulatedbuseswithNewRoutemasterbusesifelectedmayor Johnson'smayoralcampaignfocusedonreducingyouthcrime,makingpublictransportsafer,andreplacingthearticulatedbuseswithanupdatedversionoftheAECRoutemaster.[12]TargetingtheConservative-leaningsuburbsofouterLondon,itcapitalisedonperceptionsthattheLabourMayoraltyhadneglectedtheminfavourofinnerLondon.[203]Hiscampaignemphasisedhispopularity,evenamongthosewhoopposedhispolicies,[204]withopponentscomplainingacommonattitudeamongvoterswas:"I'mvotingforBorisbecauseheisalaugh."[12]ThecampaignofLabourincumbentKenLivingstoneportrayedJohnsonasanout-of-touchtoffandbigot,citingracistandhomophobiclanguageusedinhiscolumns;Johnsonrespondedthesequoteshadbeentakenoutofcontextandweremeantassatire.[205] Intheelection,Johnsonreceived43%andLivingstone37%offirst-preferencevotes;whensecond-preferencevoteswereadded,Johnsonprovedvictoriouswith53%toLivingstone's47%.[206][207]JohnsonthenannouncedhisresignationasMPforHenley.[208][209] Firstterm:2008–2012 SettlingintotheCityHallmayoraloffice,[210]Johnson'sfirstofficialengagementwasanappearanceattheSikhcelebrationsforVaisakhiinTrafalgarSquare.[211]RatherthanbringingateamofassistantswithhimtothejobasLivingstonehaddone,Johnsonbuilthisteamoverthefollowingsixmonths.[212]ThoseinCityHallwhoweredeemedtoocloselyalliedtoLivingstone'sadministrationhadtheiremploymentterminated.[213]JohnsonappointedTimParkertobefirstDeputyMayor,butafterParkerbegantakingincreasingcontrolatCityHallandinsistedthatallstaffreportdirectlytohim,Johnsondismissedhim.[214]Becauseoftheseproblems,manyintheConservativePartyinitiallydistancedthemselvesfromJohnson'sadministration,fearingitwouldbecounterproductivetoachievingaConservativevictoryinthe2010generalelection.[215] JohnsongaveavictoryspeechinCityHallafterbeingelectedastheMayorofLondon Johnsonreceivedcriticismduringtheearlyweeksofhisadministration,largelybecausehewaslatefortwoofficialfunctionsinhisfirstweekonthejob,andbecauseafterthreeweekshewentonholidaytoTurkey.[213]InJuly2008,Johnsonvisitedtheclosingceremonyofthe2008SummerOlympicsinBeijing,thereoffendinghisChinesehostswithhisattire.[216] Duringtheelectoralcampaign,JohnsonhadconfidedtoBrianPaddickhewasunsurehowhewouldmaintainhislifestylewhilerelyinguponthemayoralsalaryof£140,000ayear.[217]Toresolvethisproblem,heagreedtocontinuehisDailyTelegraphcolumnalongsidehismayoraljob,thusearningafurther£250,000ayear.[218]HisteambelievedthiswouldcausecontroversyandmadehimpromisetodonateafifthofhisDailyTelegraphfeetoacharitablecauseprovidingbursariesforstudents.Johnsonresentedthis,andultimatelydidnotpayafullfifth.[219]ControversyeruptedwhenhewasquestionedabouthisDailyTelegraphfeeonBBC'sHARDtalk;there,hereferredtothe£250,000as"chickenfeed",somethingthatwaswidelycondemned,giventhatthiswasroughly10timestheaverageyearlywageforaBritishworker.[220][221][222] JohnsonattheopeningofNASDAQin2009 Duringhisfirstadministration,Johnsonwasembroiledinseveralpersonalscandals.AftermovingtoanewhouseinIslington,hebuiltashedonhisbalconywithoutobtainingplanningpermission;afterneighbourscomplained,hedismantledit.[223]ThepressalsoaccusedhimofhavinganaffairwithHelenMacintyreandoffatheringherchild,allegationsthathedidnotdeny.[224][225][226][227]ControversyarosewhenJohnsonwasaccusedofwarningtheMPDamianGreenthatpolicewereplanningtoarresthim;JohnsondeniedtheclaimsanddidnotfacecriminalchargesundertheCriminalJusticeAct.[228]Hewasaccusedofcronyism,[229]inparticularforappointingVeronicaWadley,aformerEveningStandardeditorwhohadsupportedhim,asthechairofLondon'sArtsCouncilwhenshewaswidelyregardedasnotbeingthebestcandidatefortheposition.[230][231][232]Hewascaughtupintheparliamentaryexpensesscandalandaccusedofexcessivepersonalspendingontaxijourneys.HisdeputymayorIanClementwasfoundtohavemisusedaCityHallcreditcard,resultinginhisresignation.[233] JohnsonremainedapopularfigureinLondonwithastrongcelebritystatus.[234]In2009,herescuedFrannyArmstrongfromanti-socialteenagerswhohadthreatenedherwhilehewascyclingpastthem.[235][236][237] Policies TheNewRoutemasterbusintroducedbyJohnson'sadministration JohnsonmadenomajorchangestothemayoralsystemLivingstonedeveloped.[238]HereversedseveralmeasuresimplementedbyLivingstone'sadministration,endingthecity'soildealwithVenezuela,abolishingTheLondonernewsletter,andscrappingthehalf-yearlyinspectionsofblackcabs,whichwasreinstatedthreeyearslater.[239]Abolishingthewesternwingofthecongestionchargingzone,[240]hecancelledplanstoincreasethecongestionchargeforfour-wheel-drivevehicles.[241]HewassubsequentlyaccusedoffailingtopublishanindependentreportonairpollutioncommissionedbytheGreaterLondonAuthority,whichrevealedthecitybreachedlegallimitsonnitrogendioxidelevels.[242][243] JohnsonretainedLivingstoneprojectssuchasCrossrailandthe2012OlympicGames,butwasaccusedoftryingtotakecreditforthem.[244]HeintroducedapublicbicycleschemethathadbeenmootedbyLivingstone'sadministration;colloquiallyknownas"BorisBikes",thepartprivatelyfinancedsystemcost£140 millionandwasasignificantfinanciallossbutprovedpopular.[245][246]DespiteJohnson'ssupportofcyclinginLondon,andhismuch-publicisedidentityasacyclist,somecyclinggroupswhoarguedhehadfailedtomakethecity'sroadssaferforcyclistscriticisedhisadministration.[247]Asperhiselectionpledge,hecommissionedthedevelopmentoftheNewRoutemasterbusesforcentralLondon.[248]HealsoorderedtheconstructionofacablecarsystemthatcrossedtheRiverThamesbetweenGreenwichPeninsulaandtheRoyalDocks.[249] JohnsonimplementedLivingstone'sideaofapublicbicyclesystem;theresultwasdubbedthe"BorisBike". Johnson'sfirstpolicyinitiativewasabanondrinkingalcoholonpublictransport.[250][251]Atthebeginningofhistenureasmayor,Johnsonannouncedplanstoextendpay-as-you-goOystercardstonationalrailservicesinLondon.[252]ApledgeinJohnson'selectionmanifestowastoretainTubeticketoffices,inoppositiontoLivingstone'sproposaltocloseupto40LondonUndergroundticketoffices.[253]On2 July2008,theMayor'sofficeannouncedtheclosureplanwastobeabandonedandthatofficeswouldremainopen.[254]On21 November2013,TransportforLondonannouncedthatallLondonUndergroundticketofficeswouldcloseby2015.[255]Infinancingtheseprojects,Johnson'sadministrationborrowed£100 million,[256]whilepublictransportfareswereincreasedby50percent.[257] DuringhisfirstMayoralterm,Johnsonwasperceivedashavingmovedleftwardoncertainissues,forinstance,supportingtheLondonLivingWageandendorsinganamnestyforillegalmigrants.[258]HetriedplacatingcriticswhohaddeemedhimabigotbyappearingatLondon'sgayprideparadeandpraisingethnicminoritynewspapers.[259]In2012,hebannedLondonbusesfromdisplayingtheadvertsofCoreIssuesTrust,aChristiangroup,whichcomparedhomosexualitytoanillness.[260]InAugust2008,Johnsonbrokefromthetraditionalprotocolofthoseinpublicofficenotpubliclycommentingonothernations'electionsbyendorsingBarackObamaforthepresidencyoftheUnitedStates.[261][262] Relationswithpolice,finance,andthemedia Johnson'sresponsetothe2011Londonriotswascriticised JohnsonappointedhimselfchairoftheMetropolitanPoliceAuthority(MPA),andinOctober2008successfullypushedfortheresignationofMetropolitanPoliceCommissionerIanBlairafterthelatterwascriticisedforallegedlyhandingcontractstofriendsandforhishandlingofthedeathofJeanCharlesdeMenezes.[263][264][265]ThisearnedJohnsongreatrespectamongConservatives,whointerpreteditashisfirstactofstrength.[266]JohnsonresignedasMPAchairmaninJanuary2010,[258]butthroughouthismayoraltywashighlysupportiveoftheMetropolitanPolice,particularlyduringthecontroversysurroundingthedeathofIanTomlinson.[267]OverallcrimeinLondonfellduringhisadministration,buthisclaimthatseriousyouthcrimehaddecreasedprovedtobefalse,andheacknowledgedtheerror.[268][269]Similarly,hisclaimthatMetropolitanPolicenumbershadincreasedwascharacterisedasuntrue,[268]butthefact-checkersatFullFactfeltthatbothJohnson'sandhiscritics'positionsaredefensible.[270]Hewascriticisedforhisresponsetothe2011Londonriots;holidayingwithhisfamilyinBritishColumbiawhentheriotingbrokeout,hedidnotreturnimmediatelytoLondon,onlydoingso48hoursafterithadbegunandaddressingLondoners60hoursthereafter.UponvisitingshopkeepersandresidentsaffectedbytheriotsinClapham,elementswithinthecrowdsbooedandjeeredhim.[271] Johnsonlightstheflameatthe2010LondonYouthGamesopeningceremony JohnsonchampionedLondon'sfinancialsectoranddenouncedwhathesawas"bankerbashing"followingthefinancialcrisisof2007–08,[272]condemningtheanti-capitalistOccupyLondonmovementthatappearedin2011.[273]Hespentmuchtimewiththoseinvolvedinthefinancialservicesandcriticisedthegovernment's50ptaxrateforhigherearners.[274]Hecollecteddonationsfromthecity'swealthyforacharitableenterprise,theMayor'sFund,whichhehadestablishedtoaiddisadvantagedyouths.Itinitiallyannouncedthefundwouldraise£100 million,butby2010ithadonlyspent£1.5 million.[275]HealsomaintainedextensivepersonalcontactsthroughouttheBritishmedia,[276]whichresultedinwidespreadfavourablepresscoverageofhisadministration.[276]Inturnheremainedlargelysupportiveofhisfriendsinthemedia—amongthemRupertMurdoch—duringtheNewsInternationalphonehackingscandal.[277] TheformationoftheForensicAuditPanelwasannouncedon8 May2008.ThepanelwastaskedwithmonitoringandinvestigatingfinancialmanagementattheLondonDevelopmentAgencyandtheGreaterLondonAuthority.[278]Johnson'sannouncementwascriticisedbyLabourfortheperceivedpoliticisationofthisnominallyindependentpanel,whoaskedwhethertheappointmentofkeyJohnsonalliestothepanel–"todigdirtonKenLivingstone"–was"anappropriateuseofpublicfunds".[279]Theheadofthepanel,PatienceWheatcroft,wasmarriedtoaConservativecouncillor[280]andthreeofthefourremainingpanelmembersalsohadcloselinkstotheConservatives:StephenGreenhalgh(ConservativeLeaderofHammersmithandFulhamLondonBoroughCouncil),[281]PatrickFrederick(ChairmanofConservativeBusinessRelationsforSouthEastEnglandandSouthernLondon),andEdwardLister(ConservativeLeaderofWandsworthLondonBoroughCouncil).[282] Re-electioncampaign Upforre-electionin2012,JohnsonagainhiredCrosbytoorchestratehiscampaign.[283] Beforetheelection,JohnsonpublishedJohnson'sLifeofLondon,aworkofpopularhistorythatthehistorianA.N.Wilsoncharacterisedasa"codedplea"forvotes.[284] PollssuggestedthatwhileLivingstone'sapproachtotransportwaspreferred,votersinLondonplacedgreatertrustinJohnsonoverissuesofcrimeandtheeconomy.[285]Duringthe2012Mayoralelection,Johnsonsoughtre-election,whileLivingstonewasselectedastheLabourcandidateagain.Johnson'scampaignemphasisedtheaccusationthatLivingstonewasguiltyoftaxevasion,forwhichLivingstonecalledJohnsona"bare-facedliar".[286]ThepoliticalscientistAndrewCrinesbelievedthatLivingstone'scampaignfocusedoncriticisingJohnsonratherthanpresentinganalternateandprogressivevisionofLondon'sfuture.[287]In2012,Johnsonwasre-electedasmayor.[288] Secondterm:2012–2016 Johnsonatthe2012SummerOlympics Londonwassuccessfulinitsbidtohostthe2012SummerOlympicswhileKenLivingstonewasstillmayorin2005.Johnson'sroleintheproceedingswasastheco-chairofanOlympicboardwhichoversawthegames.[289]TwoofhisactionsaftertakingonthisroleweretoimprovetransportationaroundLondonbymakingmoreticketsavailableandlayingonmorebusesaroundthecapitalduringthebusyperiod,whenthousandsofspectatorsweretemporaryvisitorsinLondon.[290][291]Johnsonwasaccusedofcoveringuppollutionaheadofthegamesbydeployingdustsuppressantstoremoveairparticulatesnearmonitoringstations.[242]InNovember2013,JohnsonannouncedmajorchangestotheoperationofLondonUnderground,includingtheextensionofoperatinghourstorunthroughthenightatweekends.Allstaffedticketofficeswouldbeclosedtosaveover£40 millionayearandreplacedwithautomatedticketingsystems.[292][293] JohnsonhadaclosefriendshipwithAmericantechnologyentrepreneur,formerDJ[294]andmodelJenniferArcuri,withTheSundayTimesdescribinghimasaregularvisitortoherflat,[295]andimplyingtheywereinasexualrelationship.[296]In2013,amayoralfundawardedhercompany,Innotech,£10,000,followedthenextyearbyArcuribeingawarded£15,000fromagovernmentprogramme.Johnsonintervenedtoallowherontothreetrademissiontrips.[297]TheSundayTimessaidinSeptember2019thatJohnsonfailedtodeclarehispersonalrelationshipasaconflictofinterest.[298]Laterthatmonth,theGreaterLondonAuthorityreferredJohnsonandhisactionsinthemattertotheIndependentOfficeforPoliceConduct(IOPC)"soitcanassesswhetherornotitisnecessarytoinvestigatetheformermayorofLondonforthecriminaloffenceofmisconductinpublicoffice".TheIOPCwasinvolvedbecausetheMayorisalsoLondon'spoliceandcrimecommissioner.[299]TheLondonAssemblybeganitsowninvestigationbutpauseditattheIOPC'srequesttoavoidoverlap.On9 November2019itwasrevealedthattheIOPC,whichhadbeenduetopublishareportonitsinvestigation,haddecidedtodosoafterthegeneralelectionof12 December.[300]TheIOPCissueditsreportinMay2020,concludingthat,althoughtherewasnobasisforanycriminalcharge,therewasevidencethatthecloserelationshipbetweenJohnsonandArcurihadinfluenceddecisionsbyofficials.ThereportfoundJohnsonshouldhavedeclaredaninterestconcerningArcuriandthathisfailuretodothiscouldhavebreachedtheLondonAssembly'scodeofconduct.OnbehalfoftheLondonAssembly,thechairofitsGreaterLondonAuthorityOversightCommitteesaidthecommitteewouldnowresumeitsowninvestigation.[301] InFebruary2012,JohnsoncriticisedLondon'sSaintPatrick'sDaygaladinnercelebrations,linkingthemtoSinnFéinandbrandingtheevent"Leftycrap";[302]forwhichhelaterapologised.[303] InFebruary2013,duringaLondonAssemblymeetingfollowingthepublicationofLondon's2014,JohnsonwasejectedfromthemeetingfollowingavoteandbecausehisdeputyVictoriaBorwickhadleftthechamber.Realisingthatthevotemeanthewouldnotbequestionedonthebudget,Johnsonreferredtohispoliticalopponentsas"greatsupineprotoplasmicinvertebratejellies".[304] JohnsonattendedthelaunchoftheWorldIslamicEconomicForuminLondoninJuly2013,whereheansweredquestionsalongsideMalaysianPrimeMinisterNajibRazak.HejokedthatMalaysianwomenattendeduniversitytofindhusbands,causingsomeoffenceamongfemaleattendees.[305][306] In2014,JohnsonpublishedhisbiographyofWinstonChurchill,TheChurchillFactor.ThemediaemphasisedhowJohnsonrepeatedlycomparedhimselftoChurchillthroughoutthebook.[307]Duringcampaigningin2016,hesaidtherewasanattempttocreatetheRomanEmpire'sunitedEurope.Hesaid,"Napoleon,Hitler,variouspeopletriedthisout,anditendstragically.TheEUisanattempttodothisbydifferentmethods."[308][309]Alsoin2014,hewascriticisedforsayingthat"almosthalf"ofhisseniorstaffwerefemale,whenLondonAssemblymembersstatedthatonlyfouroffourteentoppositionsinJohnson'sadministrationwereoccupiedbywomen.[310] In2015,Johnsoncriticisedthen-presidentialcandidateDonaldTrump'sfalsecommentsthattherewereno-gozonesinLondongovernedbyshariahandinaccessiblefornon-Muslims.JohnsonsaidTrumpwas"betrayingaquitestupefyingignorancethatmakeshim,frankly,unfittoholdtheofficeofpresidentoftheUnitedStates",[311]becomingthefirstseniorpoliticianintheUKtodeclareTrumpunfitforoffice(butrejectingcallsforhimtobebannedfromthecountry).[312]Johnsonaddedthathe"wouldinvite[Trump]tocomeandseethewholeofLondonandtakehimroundthecity–exceptIwouldn'twanttoexposeLondonerstoanyunnecessaryriskofmeetingDonaldTrump".[311]HelatercalledTrump'scomments"illinformed"and"completeandutternonsense",addingthat"theonlyreasonIwouldn'tgotosomepartsofNewYorkistherealriskofmeetingDonaldTrump".[313]In2016,hesaidhewas"genuinelyworriedthathecouldbecomepresident",tellingITV'sTomBradbyofonemomentwherehewasmistakenforTrumpinNewYorkas"oneoftheworstmoments"ofhislife.[314] JohnsondidnotrunforathirdtermforMayorofLondonandsteppeddownon5 May2016followingtheelectionofformertransportminister,SadiqKhan.JohnsonleftofficestillpopularwiththepeopleofLondon.AYouGovpollcommissionedattheendofhistermrevealedthat52%ofLondonersbelievedhedida"goodjob"asMayorofLondonwhileonly29%believedhedida"badjob".[315]In2016,SadiqKhanannouncedthatthreeGerman-madewatercannon,whichJohnsonhadboughtfortheMetropolitanPolicewithoutwaitingforclearancefromthethen-HomeSecretaryTheresaMay,weretobesoldoffwiththefundsgoingtoyouthservices.[316]Thevehiclesprovedunsellableandwereeventuallysoldforscrapin2018ata£300,000loss.[317] ReturntoParliament JohnsoninitiallysaidthathewouldnotreturntotheHouseofCommonswhileremainingmayor.[234]Aftermuchmediaspeculation,inAugust2014hesoughtselectionastheConservativecandidateforthesafeseatofUxbridgeandSouthRuislipatthe2015generalelection,[318]becomingtheparty'scandidateinSeptember.[319][320]IntheMay2015generalelection,JohnsonwaselectedMP.TherewasmuchspeculationthathehadreturnedtoParliamentbecausehewantedtoreplaceCameronasConservativeleaderandprimeminister.[321] Brexitcampaign:2015–2016 PortraitofBorisJohnson,2016 InFebruary2016,JohnsonendorsedVoteLeaveinthe"Out"campaignforthe2016UnitedKingdomEuropeanUnionmembershipreferendum.[322]HecalledCameron'swarningsaboutleaving"greatlyoverexaggerated".Followingthisannouncement,whichwasinterpretedbyfinancialmarketsasmakingBrexitmoreprobable,thepoundsterlingslumpedbynearly2%againsttheUSdollar,reachingitslowestlevelsinceMarch2009.[323] InApril2016,inanarticleforTheSun,inresponsetoacommentbyPresidentBarackObamathatBritainshouldremainintheEuropeanUnion,Johnsonsaidan"ancestraldislike"ofBritainowingtohis"part-Kenyan"backgroundmayhaveshapedObama'sviews.[308]ConservativeMPSirNicholasSoamesbrandedthecomments"idiotic"and"deeplyoffensive".[324]SeveralLabourandLiberalDemocratpoliticianscondemnedthemasracistandunacceptable.[325][326]Inlightoftheremark,aKing'sCollegeLondonstudentsocietyrevokedaspeakinginvitationithadextendedtohim.[327]Conversely,boththeConservativeIainDuncanSmithandUKIndependenceParty(UKIP)leaderNigelFaragedefendedhiscomments.[325][328] JohnsonsupportedVoteLeave'sstatementthatthegovernmentwascommittedtoTurkishaccessiontotheEUattheearliestpossibleopportunity,contradictingtheBritainStrongerinEuropecampaign'sviewthatTurkey"isnotanissueinthisreferendumanditshouldn'tbe".VoteLeavewasaccusedofimplyingthat80 millionTurkswouldcometotheUKifitstayedintheEU.WheninterviewedinJanuary2019,hesaidhehadnotmentionedTurkeyduringthecampaign.[329][330]On22 June2016,Johnsondeclared23 Junecouldbe"Britain'sindependenceday"inateleviseddebateinfrontofa6,000-memberaudienceatWembleyArena.[331]DavidCameron,Britishprimeministeratthetime,specificallyaddressedJohnson'sclaim,publiclystating,"theideathatourcountryisn'tindependentisnonsense.Thiswholedebatedemonstratesoursovereignty."[332] Followingthevictoryofthe"Leave"campaign,CameronresignedasConservativeleaderandprimeminister.Johnsonwaswidelyregardedasthefront-runnertosucceedhim.[333][334]JohnsonannouncedhewouldnotstandintheConservativeleadershipelection.[335]Shortlybefore,MichaelGove,hithertoaJohnsonally,concludedthatJohnson"cannotprovidetheleadershiporbuildtheteamforthetaskahead".[336][337]TheDailyTelegraphcalledGove'scomments"themostspectacularpoliticalassassinationinageneration".[338]JohnsonendorsedAndreaLeadsom'scandidature,[339]butshedroppedoutoftheraceaweeklater,leavingTheresaMaytobeelecteduncontested. ForeignSecretary:2016–2018 JohnsonwithUSPresidentDonaldTrumpin2017UNGA JohnsonvisitedtheBritishVirginIslandsafterHurricaneIrma AfterTheresaMayhadbecomeConservativePartyleaderandprimeminister,sheappointedJohnsonForeignSecretaryinJuly2016.[340]AnalystssawtheappointmentasatactictoweakenJohnsonpolitically:thenewpositionsof"Brexitsecretary"andinternationaltradesecretarylefttheforeignsecretaryasafigureheadwithfewpowers.[340][341]Johnson'sappointmentensuredhewouldoftenbeoutofthecountryandunabletoorganiseandmobilisebackbenchersagainsther,whileforcinghimtotakeresponsibilityforproblemscausedbywithdrawingfromtheEU.[342][343] SomejournalistsandforeignpoliticianscriticisedJohnson'sappointmentbecauseofhishistoryofcontroversialstatementsaboutothercountries.[344][345][346]Histenureintheroleattractedcriticismfromdiplomatsandforeignpolicyexperts.[347][348]Anumberofdiplomats,FCOstaffandforeignministerswhoworkedwithJohnsoncomparedhisleadershipunfavourablytopreviousforeignsecretariesforhisperceivedlackofconvictionorsubstantivepositionsonBritishforeignpolicyissues.[347][348]FormerSwedishprimeministerCarlBildtsaid:"Iwishitwasajoke."[349]AseniorofficialinObama'sgovernmentsuggestedJohnson'sappointmentwouldpushtheUSfurthertowardsGermanyattheexpenseoftheSpecialRelationshipwiththeUK.[350]OnoneoccasionEgyptianpresidentAbdelFattahel-SisiwalkedoutofameetingwithJohnsonafterameetingdidnot"getbeyondthepleasantries".[347] Johnson'svisittoTurkeyfrom25 to27 September2016wassomewhattensebecausehehadwonDouglasMurray'soffensivepoetrycompetitionaboutthePresidentofTurkey,RecepTayyipErdoğan,fourmonthsearlier.[351]Whenquestionedbyajournalistwhetherhewouldapologiseforthepoem,Johnsondismissedthematteras"trivia".[352]JohnsonpledgedtohelpTurkeyjointheEUandexpressedsupportforErdogan'sgovernment.[353]JohnsonsupportedtheSaudiArabian-ledinterventioninYemenandrefusedtoblockUKarmssalestoSaudiArabia,[354]statingtherewasnoclearevidenceofbreachesofinternationalhumanitarianlawbySaudiArabiainthewarinYemen.[355]InSeptember2016,humanrightsgroupsaccusedhimofblockingtheUNinquiryintoSaudiwarcrimesinYemen.[356]GiventheUK-Saudialliance,inDecember,heattractedattentionforcommentingtheSaudiswereakintotheIraniansin"puppeteeringandplayingproxywars"throughouttheMiddleEast.[357][358][359]Maysaidhiscommentsdidnotrepresentthegovernment'sview.[360] InNovember2017,JohnsontoldtheForeignAffairsSelectCommitteethatNazaninZaghari-Ratcliffe—aBritish-Iraniandualcitizenservingafive-yearprisonsentenceinIranafterbeingarrestedfortrainingcitizenjournalistsandbloggersinaBBCWorldServiceTrustproject—hadbeen"simplyteachingpeoplejournalism".Zaghari-Ratcliffehadsaidthathervisithadbeenmadesimplyforherdaughtertomeethergrandparents.Facingcriticism,JohnsonstatedhehadbeenmisquotedandthatnothinghesaidhadjustifiedZaghari-Ratcliffe'ssentence.[361][362]InMay2018,Johnsonbacked[363][364]theIrannucleardealframework,despiteDonaldTrump'swithdrawal.[365]JohnsonsaidthedealbroughteconomicbenefitstotheIranianpeople.[366]JohnsondescribedtheGülenmovementasa"cult"andsupportedTurkey'spost-couppurges.HesaidthatTurkey'scoupattempt"wasdeeplyviolent,deeplyanti-democratic,deeplysinisteranditwastotallyrightthatitwascrushed".[367] ForeignMinistersoftheUS,theUK,SaudiArabiaandtheUnitedArabEmirates,beforeaworkingdinnerfocusedonYemen,19July2016 InApril2017,JohnsonsaidthatGibraltar'ssovereigntywas"notgoingtochange"afterBrexit.[368]JohnsonpromisedwhileinNorthernIrelandthatBrexitwouldleavetheIrishborder"absolutelyunchanged".[369]InMay2017,duringthe2017UnitedKingdomgeneralelection,awomancriticisedhimfordiscussingendingtariffsonIndianwhiskyinaSikhtempleinBristol(Sikhismprohibitsalcoholuse).Helaterexpressedregretthattheprotesterhelddifferingviewstohisonalcohol.[370] JohnsonvisitedtheislandsofAnguilla,andTortola(intheBritishVirginIslands)on13 September2017toconfirmtheUnitedKingdom'scommitmenttohelpingrestoreBritishterritoriesdevastatedbyHurricaneIrma.[371][372]HesaidhewasremindedofphotosofHiroshimaaftertheatombombhadlandedonit.[373] InSeptember2017,hewascriticisedforrecitinglinesfromRudyardKipling'spoemMandalaywhilevisitingaMyanmartemple;theBritishambassador,whowaswithhim,suggesteditwas"notappropriate".[374][375][376]InOctober2017,hefacedcriticismforstatingtheLibyancityofSirtecouldbecomeaneconomicsuccesslikeDubai:"alltheyhavetodoisclearthedeadbodiesaway".[377][378]JohnsondidnotcondemntheactionsoftheSpanishgovernmentandpoliceduringtheoutlawedCatalanindependencereferendumon1 October2017.[379] JohnsonmetwithMyanmar'sdefactoleaderAungSanSuuKyiinSeptember2016 InitiallyfavouringalesshostileapproachtoRussia,[380]JohnsonsoonbackedamoreaggressivepolicytowardsRussia.[381][382]FollowingtheMarch2018poisoningofSergeiandYuliaSkripalinSalisbury,anactwhichtheUKgovernmentblamedonRussia,[383][384]JohnsoncomparedVladimirPutin'shostingoftheWorldCupinRussiatoAdolfHitler'shostingoftheOlympicGamesinBerlinin1936.[385]Russia'sForeignMinistrydenouncedJohnson's"unacceptableandunworthy"paralleltowardsRussia,a"nationthatlostmillionsoflivesinfightingNazism".[386]JohnsondescribedtheNordStream 2gaspipelinefromRussiatoGermanyas"divisive"anda"threat"thatleftEuropedependentona"malignRussia"foritsenergysupplies.[387] JohnsoncondemnedthepersecutionofRohingyaMuslimsinMyanmar,[388]comparingthesituationwiththedisplacementofPalestiniansin1948.[389]JohnsonsupportedtheTurkishinvasionofnorthernSyriaaimedatoustingtheSyrianKurdsfromtheenclaveofAfrin.[390] JohnsonmeetingwithIranianforeignministerMohammadJavadZarifinTehraninDecember2017 InaSeptember2017op-ed,JohnsonreiteratedtheUKwouldregaincontrolof£350maweekafterBrexit,suggestingitgototheNationalHealthService(NHS).[391]Cabinetcolleaguessubsequentlycriticisedhimforrevivingtheassertionandaccusedof"clearmisuseofofficialstatistics"bythechairoftheUKStatisticsAuthority,SirDavidNorgrove.[392][393]TheauthorityrejectedthesuggestionthatitwasquibblingovernewspaperheadlinesandnotJohnson'sactualwords.[393] Followingthe2017generalelection,JohnsondeniedmediareportsheintendedtochallengeMay'sleadership.[394] InaFebruary2018lettertoMay,JohnsonsuggestedthatNorthernIrelandmayhavetoacceptbordercontrolsafterBrexitandthatitwouldnotseriouslyaffecttrade,havinginitiallysaidahardborderwouldbeunthinkable.[395] JohnsonwithIsrael'sBenjaminNetanyahuinJune2018 InMarch2018,Johnsonapologisedforhis"inadvertentsexism"afterbeingcriticisedforcallingShadowForeignSecretaryEmilyThornberryas"LadyNugee";ThornberrywasmarriedtoChristopherNugeebutdidnotusehissurname.[396]InJune,hewasreportedashavingsaid"fuckbusiness"whenaskedaboutcorporateconcernsregardinga'hard'Brexit.[397][398][399][400] JohnsonsaidthatUSrecognitionofJerusalemasIsrael'scapitalisa"momentofopportunity"forpeace.[401]InJune2018,JohnsonaccusedtheUNHRCoffocusingdisproportionatelyontheIsraeli–PalestinianconflictandIsrael'soccupationofthePalestinianterritories.[402] SecretrecordingsobtainedbyBuzzFeedNewsinJune2018revealedJohnson'sdissatisfactionwithPrimeMinisterTheresaMay'snegotiatingstyle,accusingherofbeingtoocollaborativewiththeEuropeanUnioninBrexitnegotiations.ComparingMay'sapproachtothatoftheUSPresidentDonaldTrump–whoatthetimewasengagedinacombativetradewarwiththeEUbecauseitraisedtariffsonmetal–Johnsonsaid:"ImagineTrumpdoingBrexit.He'dgoinbloodyhard ...There'dbeallsortsofbreakdowns,allsortsofchaos.Everyonewouldthinkhe'dgonemad.Butactuallyyoumightgetsomewhere.It'savery,verygoodthought."HealsocalledPhilipHammondandtheTreasury"theheartofRemain"andaccusedindividualsofscaremongeringoveraBrexit"meltdown",saying"Nopanic.Probonopublico,nobloodypanic.It'sgoingtobeallrightintheend."[403] DuringtripstotheUnitedStatesasforeignsecretary,JohnsonhadrepeatedmeetingswithTrumpadviserandspeechwriterStephenMiller,whichwereheldoffWhiteHousegroundsandkeptquietfromMay.Duringthemeetings,MillerandJohnson"swappedspeech-writingideasandtips".[404] InJuly2018,threedaysafterthecabinethaditsmeetingatChequerstoagreeonaBrexitstrategy,[405]Johnson,alongwithBrexitSecretaryDavidDavis,[406]resignedhispost.[407] Returntothebackbenches:2018–2019 Byresigningasforeignsecretary,JohnsonreturnedtotheroleofabackbenchMP.InJuly,hedeliveredaresignationspeech,statingthatministerswere"sayingonethingtotheEUaboutwhatwearereallydoing,andpretendinganothertotheelectorate".Johnsonaddedthat"itisnottoolatetosaveBrexit.Wehavetimeinthesenegotiations.Wehavechangedtackonceandwecanchangeonceagain".[408]BuzzfeedreportedJohnsonhadbeenincontactwithSteveBannon,DonaldTrump'sformerchiefadviser.Ininterviews,BannonhadpraisedJohnsonandsaidheshouldchallengeTheresaMayforthepartyleadership.[409][410]InJanuary2019,Johnsoncameundercriticismforremarkshehadmadeduringthe2016LeavecampaignregardingtheprospectofTurkishaccessiontotheEuropeanUnion;hedeniedmakingsuchremarks.[411]InMarch2019,Johnsonsaidthatexpenditureoninvestigatinghistoricallegationsofchildabuse,insteadofmorepoliceonthestreets,wasmoney"spaffedupthewall".[412]Avictim,anti-abuseorganisations,apolicechiefandShadowpoliceministerLouiseHaighstronglycriticisedthis.[413] Journalism InJuly2018,Johnsonsigneda12‑monthcontracttowritearticlesfortheTelegraphMediaGroup.[414]InAugust,theAdvisoryCommitteeonBusinessAppointments(ACoBA)reportedthatthisemploymentwasabreachoftheMinisterialCode.[414][415]InDecember,JohnsonwasorderedtoapologisetoParliamentforfailingtodeclare£50,000ofearnings.TheParliamentaryCommissionerforStandardsfoundtheerrorswerenotinadvertent,andthatJohnsonhadfailedonnineoccasionstomakedeclarationswithintherules.[416] InSeptember2018,Johnsonwrote:"Wehaveopenedourselvestoperpetualpoliticalblackmail.WehavewrappedasuicidevestaroundtheBritishconstitution–andhandedthedetonatortoMichelBarnier."SeniorToriesheavilycriticisedhim,withAlanDuncanoftheForeignOfficevowingtoensurethecommentsmarked"thepoliticalendofBorisJohnson".[417][418] InApril2019,theIndependentPressStandardsOrganisationruledthataclaimina6 January2019articleinTheDailyTelegraph,"TheBritishpeoplewon'tbescaredintobackingawoefulBrexitdealnobodyvotedfor",authoredbyJohnson,[419]thatano-dealBrexitwas"bysomemarginpreferredbytheBritishpublic"wasfalse,and"representedafailuretotakecareovertheaccuracyofthearticleinbreachofClause1(i)"ofitsguidelines,andrequiredthatacorrectiontothefalseclaimbepublishedintheprintedition,andappendedtotheonlineversion.[420] 2019ConservativePartyleadershipelection Mainarticle:2019ConservativePartyleadershipelection ThelogousedbyJohnson'sleadershipcampaignin2019 On16 May2019,JohnsonconfirmedhewouldstandintheforthcomingConservativePartyleadershipelectionfollowingTheresaMay'santicipatedresignation.[421]On7 June,Johnsonformallylaunchedhiscampaign,saying,"wemustleavetheEUon31 October.WemustdobetterthanthecurrentWithdrawalAgreementthathasbeenrejectedthreetimesbyParliament—andletmeclearthatIamnotaimingforano-dealoutcome.Idon'tthinkthatwewillendupwithanysuchthing.Butitisonlyresponsibletopreparevigorouslyandseriouslyfornodeal."[422]Onthecampaigntrail,Johnsonwarnedof"catastrophicconsequencesforvotertrustinpolitics"ifthegovernmentpushedtheEUforfurtherdelays.HeadvocatedremovingthebackstopfromanyBrexitdealandreplacingitwithalternativearrangements.On25and26 August,heannouncedplanstoretain£7or£9 billionofthe£39 billiondivorcepaymenttheUKisduetotransfertotheEUuponwithdrawal.[423][424] Johnsoninitiallypledgedtocutincometaxforearnersofmorethan£50,000byraisingthe40%taxthresholdto£80,000,butbackedawayfromthisplaninJune2019aftercomingundercriticisminatelevisedBBCdebate.[425]Healsosaidheplannedtoraisethelevelatwhichlow-paidworkersstarttopayNationalInsurance.[426] Apollofpartymemberspublishedon13 JuneshowedJohnsontobetheclearfront-runner.[427]Hereceived114votesinthefirstballotofpartyMPs,[428]126inthenext,143votesinthethirdand157inthefourth.Inthelastballot,on20 June,hereached160votesandwasnamedoneofthefinaltwocandidates,alongsideJeremyHunt.[429] Themembers'voteclosedon22 July.Thefollowingday,Johnsonwaselectedleaderwith92,153votes(66%)toHunt's46,656(34%).[430] PrimeMinisteroftheUnitedKingdom(2019–2022) Mainarticle:PremiershipofBorisJohnson Firstterm(July–December2019) Wikisourcehasoriginaltextrelatedtothisarticle: BorisJohnson:FirstSpeechasPrimeMinister On24 July2019,thedayfollowingJohnson'selectionasConservativePartyleader,QueenElizabeth IIacceptedTheresaMay'sresignationandappointedJohnsonasprimeminister.ThismadeJohnsonthesecondprimeministertobebornoutsidetheBritishIsles,afterfellowConservativeBonarLaw,andthefirsttobebornoutsideBritishterritories.[431]JohnsonappointedDominicCummings,whomheworkedwithontheVoteLeavecampaign,ashissenioradvisor.[432] Brexitpolicy JohnsondiscussingBrexitwithFrenchPresidentEmmanuelMacroninParis JohnsonsigningtheBrexitWithdrawalAgreement InhisfirstspeechasPM,JohnsonsaidthattheUnitedKingdomwouldleavetheEuropeanUnionon31 October2019withorwithoutadeal,andpromisedtoremovetheIrishbackstopfromtheBrexitwithdrawalagreement.[433][434]Johnsondeclaredhisintentiontore-opennegotiationsonthewithdrawalagreement,buttalksdidnotimmediatelyresumeastheEUrefusedtoacceptJohnson'spre-conditionthatthebackstopberemoved.[435]Thegovernmentsubsequentlyannounced£2.1bnoffundingtoprepareforano-dealBrexiton31 October.[436]On28 August2019,UKandEUnegotiatorsagreedtoresumeregularmeetingstodiscussthewithdrawalagreement.[437] Alsoon28 August2019,JohnsondeclaredhehadaskedtheQueentoprorogueparliamentfrom10 September,narrowingthewindowinwhichparliamentcouldblockano-dealBrexitandcausingapoliticalcontroversy.[438]TheQueenatPrivyCouncilapprovedprorogationlaterthesameday,anditbeganon10 September,scheduledtolastuntil14 October.[439]Somesuggested[440]thatthisprorogationamountedtoaself-coup,andon31 August2019,protestsoccurredintownsandcitiesthroughouttheUnitedKingdom.[441][442]Asof2 September2019,threeseparatecourtcaseschallengingJohnson'sactionwereinprogressorscheduledtotakeplace,[443]andon11 September,threeScottishjudgesruledtheprorogationoftheUKParliamenttobeunlawful.[444][445]On12 September,JohnsondeniedlyingtotheQueenoversuspensionoftheparliament,whileaBelfastCourtrejectedclaimsthathisBrexitplanswillhaveanegativeimpactonNorthernIreland'speacepolicy.[446]On24September,theSupremeCourtruledunanimouslythatJohnson'sadvicetoprorogueparliamentwasunlawful,andthereforetheprorogationwasrenderednullandofnoeffect.[447][448][449] Whenparliamentresumedon3 September2019,JohnsonindicatedhewouldcallageneralelectionundertheFixed-termParliamentsActafteroppositionandrebelConservativeMPssuccessfullyvotedagainstthegovernmenttotakecontroloftheorderofbusinesstopreventano-dealexit.[450]Despitegovernmentopposition,theBennAct,abilltoblockano-dealexit,passedtheCommonson4 September2019,causingJohnsontoproposeageneralelectionon15 October.[451]Hismotionwasunsuccessfulasitfailedtocommandthesupportoftwo-thirdsoftheHouse.[452] InOctober2019,followingbilateraltalksbetweenJohnsonandTaoiseachLeoVaradkar,[453]theUKandEUagreedtoareviseddeal,whichreplacedthebackstopwithanewNorthernIrelandProtocol.[454][455][456] InDecember2019,Johnsonsaid:"quitealargenumberofpeoplecominginfromthewholeoftheEU—580millionpopulation—[hadbeen]abletotreattheUKasthoughit'sbasicallypartoftheirowncountryandtheproblemwiththatistherehasbeennocontrolatall".[457]Theco-founderofThe3 MillionaccusedJohnsonof"demonising"EUmigrants.[458] FirstCabinet Mainarticle:FirstJohnsonministry Johnsonholdinghisfirstcabinetmeetingat10DowningStreet,25July2019 JohnsonappointedhisCabineton24 July2019,[459]dismissing11seniorministersandacceptingtheresignationofsixothers.[460][461]ThemassdismissalwasthemostextensivepostwarCabinetreorganisationwithoutachangeintherulingparty,exceedingthesevenCabinetministersdismissedinthe"NightoftheLongKnives"of1962.[462][463] Amongotherappointments,JohnsonmadeDominicRaabtheFirstSecretaryofStateandforeignsecretary,andappointedSajidJavidandPritiPatelastheChancelloroftheExchequerandHomeSecretary,respectively.JohnsonincreasedthenumberofministersattendingtheCabinetto33,fourmorethanhadattendedtheMayCabinet.Onequarterofthoseappointedwerewomen,andtheCabinetsetarecordforethnicminorityrepresentation,withfoursecretariesofstateandtwoadditionalministerscomingfromminoritybackgrounds.Nearlytwo-thirdsofthoseappointedwenttofee-payingschools,andalmosthalfhadattendedOxbridge.[459]Johnsonalsocreatedanewministerialroletobeheldbyhimself,MinisterfortheUnion,fulfillingacampaignpledgehehadmadeintheleadershipelection.[464] Spendingplans Shortlyafterhehadbecomeprimeminister,Johnson'sgovernmentannouncedincreasedpublicsectorspending.Inparticular,itwasannouncedthatanextra20,000policeofficerswouldbehired,theroll-outofhigh-speedbroadbandwouldbespedup,thefundingperschoolpupilwouldbeincreasedtoaminimumof£5,000and£1.8 billionforupgradesandnewequipmentathospitals.£1 billionofthemoneyforhospitalswasmoneythatNHSprovidershadsavedoverthepastthreeyearsandthenpreviouslybeentoldtheycouldnotspend,ratherthanbeingnewmoney.[465]TheChancellorSajidJavidalsoannouncedthatthespendingreviewwouldbefast-trackedtoSeptember.JavidsaidthatthiswassothatdepartmentswouldbefreetoplanfortheplannedBrexitdateof31 October2019,buttherewasspeculationthattheincreasedspendingwastogainpopularityinpreparationforapossibleelectioninautumn2019.[466][467] Lossofworkingmajority On3 September2019,PhillipLeecrossedthefloortotheLiberalDemocratsfollowingadisagreementwithJohnson'sBrexitpolicy.ThisleftthegovernmentwithoutaworkingmajorityintheHouseofCommons.[468]Laterthatday,21ConservativeMPs,includingtheFatheroftheHouseandformerChancellorKennethClarke,andanotherformerChancellorPhilipHammond,hadthepartywhipwithdrawnfordefyingpartyordersandsupportinganoppositionmotion.[469](Thewhipwasrestoredto10formerConservativeministerson29 October.[470]) On5 September2019,Johnson'sbrotherJoJohnsonresignedfromthegovernmentandannouncedthathewouldstepdownasMP,describinghispositionas"tornbetweenfamilyandnationalinterest".[471]Twodayslater,AmberRuddresignedasSecretaryofStateforWorkandPensionsandfromtheConservativeParty,describingthewithdrawalofthepartywhipfromtheMPsasan"assaultondecencyanddemocracy".[472] 2019generalelection Mainarticle:2019UnitedKingdomgeneralelection InOctober2019,Parliamentwasdissolved,andanelectioncalledfor12 December.TheelectionresultedintheConservativePartywinning43.6%ofthevoteandaparliamentarylandslidemajorityof80seats—itsbiggestsince1987underMargaretThatcher.[473]AkeysloganusedintheConservativecampaignwastheirpromiseto"GetBrexitDone".[474] Secondterm(December2019–September2022) SecondCabinet Mainarticles:SecondJohnsonministry,2020Britishcabinetreshuffle,and2021Britishcabinetreshuffle JohnsonappointedRishiSunak(right)asChancelloroftheExchequerintheFebruary2020cabinetreshuffle Johnsonreshuffledhiscabineton13February2020.[475]FiveCabinetministersweresacked,includingtheNorthernIrelandSecretaryJulianSmith,adecisionthatwascriticisedbyseveralpoliticiansandcommentatorsfollowinghissuccessinrestoringtheNorthernIrelandExecutivedevolvedgovernment.[476]ChancelloroftheExchequerSajidJavidresignedfromtheCabinetafterrefusingademandfromJohnsonandDominicCummingsthathedismisshisadvisers.[477]JavidwasreplacedasChancellorbyRishiSunak;JavidlaterreturnedtoJohnson'sCabinetasSecretaryofStateforHealthandSocialCareinJune2021followingtheresignationofMattHancock. JohnsonconductedanotherreshuffleofhiscabinetinSeptember2021.ChangesincludedthedismissalofEducationSecretaryGavinWilliamsonwhohadreceivedsignificantcriticismforhishandlingofdisruptiontoeducation,suchasthe2020examgradingcontroversy,duringtheCOVID-19pandemic.DominicRaabwasmovedfromForeignSecretarytoDeputyPrimeMinisterandJusticeSecretary,replacingRobertBucklandinthelatterrole.RaabwasreplacedasForeignSecretarybyLizTruss.[478][479] COVID-19pandemic Mainarticles:BritishgovernmentresponsetotheCOVID-19pandemicandCOVID-19vaccinationprogrammeintheUnitedKingdom Seealso:COVID-19contractsintheUnitedKingdomandCOVID-19pandemicintheUnitedKingdom JohnsondeliveringapressconferenceonCOVID-19,31July2020 TheCOVID-19pandemicemergedasaseriouscrisiswithinthefirstfewmonthsofJohnson'ssecondterm.[480]Throughoutthepandemic,JohnsonmadeanumberofpolicydecisionstocurbthepandemicsometimeaftertheScientificAdvisoryGroupforEmergencies(SAGE)advisedthem,andcontradictinghispreviouspledgesandstatements.[481][482][483][484]Johnson'snon-attendanceoffiveCOBRbriefingsduringtheearlymonthsofthepandemicandthefailureoftheUKgovernmenttoprepareforandcontroltheoutbreakhasbeencriticised.[485][486][487]TheUKwasamongstthelastmajor[clarificationneeded]Europeanstatestocloseschools,banpubliceventsandorderalockdown.[488][489]ThisresponseisthoughtbysomescientiststohavecontributedtotheUK'shighdeathtollfromCOVID-19,whichasofJanuary 2021[update]wasamongthehighestintheworldintotalandbypopulation.[490]ReutershasreportedthatscientistsarecriticalofJohnsonbothforactingtooslowlytostopthespreadofCOVID-19andformishandlingthegovernment'sresponsemeasures,[491]andPoliticoquotedChiefMedicalOfficerChrisWhittyassayingthatanearlierinitiallockdownwouldhavesignificantlyloweredthedeathtoll.[492]TheBMJpublishedseveraleditorialscriticalofthepoliciesadoptedduringthecountry'spublichealthresponse.[493][494]Johnson'spubliccommunicationoverthevirusandtheUK'stestandtracesystemhavealsobeencriticised.[491][495][496] On3 March2020,JohnsonclaimedtohaveshakenhandswithCOVID-19patientsinhospitalonthesamedaythatSAGEhadadvisedthegovernmenttowarnthepublicnottoshakehandsandminimisephysicalcontact,[497][498]thoughitwasunclearwhetherthehospitalhevisitedactuallycontainedanycoronaviruspatients.[499]Hecontinuedtoshakehandspubliclyinthefollowingdaysincludingon5 Marchand9 March.[500]On20 March,Johnsonrequestedtheclosureofpubs,restaurants,gyms,entertainmentvenues,museumsandgalleriesthatevening,thoughwithsomeregret,saying,"We'retakingawaytheancient,inalienablerightoffree-bornpeopleoftheUnitedKingdomtogotothepub."[501][502]On23 March,thiswasstrengthenedintoaCOVID-19lockdownthroughouttheUK,exceptforafewlimitedpurposes,backedupbynewlegalpowers.[503] On27 March,itwasannouncedthatJohnsonhadtestedpositiveforCOVID-19.[504]On5 April,withhissymptomspersisting,hewasadmittedtoahospitalfortests.[505]Thenextday,hisconditionhavingworsened,hewasmovedtothehospital'sintensivecareunit;[506][507]DominicRaabwasappointedtodeputiseforhim.[507]Johnsonleftintensivecareon9 April,[508]andlefthospitalthreedayslatertorecuperateatChequers.[509]AfterafortnightatChequers,hereturnedtoDowningStreeton26 AprilandwassaidtobechairingagovernmentCOVID-19"warcabinet"meeting.[510]Johnsonlatersaidthathehadbeengivenemergencyoxygenwhileinintensivecare,andthatdoctorshadmadepreparationsincaseoftheeventofhisdeath.[511] AscandalinMay2020involvedJohnson'schiefpoliticaladvisorDominicCummings,whomadeatripwithhisfamilytoDurhamduringtheMarch2020lockdownwhileexperiencingCOVID-19symptoms.BothCummingsandJohnsonrejectedwidespreadcallsthatCummingsresign.[512][513][514]CallsforJohnsontodismissCummingscamefromMPsbothwithinandoutsidetheConservativeParty.Johnson'sdefenceofCummingsandhisrefusaltosackhimcausedawidespreadbacklash.[515]Thisresultedinalossofconfidenceinthegovernmentandspecificallyitsresponsetothepandemic,referredtoas'theCummingseffect'inastudyinTheLancet.Concernswereraisedinthestudythatthiscouldaffectthepublic'scompliancewithpandemicrestrictions.[516][517] TheJohnsonministryhasbeenaccusedofcronyismintheirassignmentofcontractsrelatedtothepandemicresponse.ProcurementofgovernmentcontractsforkeyCOVID-19suppliesandmeasureshasbecomelesstransparentasaresultofemergencymeasureswhichhavebypassedtheusualcompetitivetenderingprocess.[518][14]InOctober2020,JohnsonconcededthattheUK'stestandtracesystemanditsspeciallydevelopedcontacttracingapp,whichhadbeencriticisedfortheircostandoperationalissues,hadcaused"frustrations"andneededimprovement.[491][519][520] JohnsonhostsvirtualG7meetinginFebruary2021 JohnsonreportedlyresistedcallsfromSAGEandwithinthegovernmenttoenactasecondlockdownthroughoutSeptemberasCOVID-19infectionsrose.[483][521]InApril2021,Johnsondeniedallegationshehadsaidhewouldrather"letthebodiespilehighintheirthousands"thanenactasecondnationallockdownon30 October2020.[522][523][524]Thegovernmentenactedasecondnationallockdownon31 October.[482]ThroughoutDecember2020,COVID-19casesacrosstheUKrosesignificantly,puttingadditionalstrainonemergencyservicesandhospitals[525][526]astheAlphavariantspreadwidely.[527]Inresponse,thegovernmentenactedfurtherrestrictionstolargepartsofsouthernandeasternEnglandandon21 DecembershortenedaplannedhouseholdmixingperiodoverChristmas.[528] AfterRussiabegantheworld'sfirstCOVID-19vaccinationprogrammeon5 December2020,[529]Britainbeganitsprogrammethreedayslater.[530]NHSworkerssuccessfullyensuredthathalfofUKadultshadreceivedatleasttheirfirstvaccinedoseby20 March2021.[531] AthirdlockdownforthewholeofEnglandwasintroducedon6 January2021.[532]RecordnumbersofinfectionsanddailydeathswererecordedintheUKthroughoutJanuary,andthegovernmentbeganexploringquarantineproceduresonarrival.[533]Johnsonsaidhewas"deeplysorry"and"take[s]fullresponsibility"astheUKpassed100,000deathsfromCOVID-19,thefirstEuropeancountrytodoso,on26 January.[534] JohnsonwithUSPresidentJoeBidenattheG7summitinCornwall,10June2021 InJuly2021,JohnsonannouncedthatmostgeneralisedpublichealthrestrictionsinEnglandwouldbeliftedandreplacedbyrecommendations.ThistookplacedespiteanincreaseincasesdrivenbytheDeltavariant.[535][536] InSeptember2021,Johnsonwaspicturedinacabinetmeeting,with"atleast30peoplecrammedshoulder-to-shoulder",withoutanyonewearingmasksandwithallwindowsapparentlyclosed,contradictinggovernmentadvice.[537]JohnsonwasalsophotographedwithoutafacemaskduringavisittoahospitalinNovember,althoughimagesshowedthathedidwearamaskatsomepointsduringhisvisit.[538] InDecember2021,morestringentrestrictionsforEnglandwereputforwardbyJohnsonandthegovernment.Therestrictions,called"PlanB",wereapartialrenewalofpreviousmeasuresduetotheincreasedincidenceoftheSARS-CoV-2Omicronvariant.Theseproposalsincludedfacecoveringstoberequiredinmorepublicsettings,guidancetoworkfromhomewhereverpossible,andrequirementsofCOVID-19passportstoenteranightcluborotherlargevenues.[539]Againstthesemeasures,thegovernmentexperiencedthelargestrebellionofConservativeMPsduringJohnson'spremiership.[540][541] DepartureofDominicCummingsandLeeCain Seealso:DominicCummingsscandalandDominicCummings§ DeparturefromDowningStreet On12 November2020,DowningStreetDirectorofCommunicationsLeeCainresignedamidinfightingwithinthecabinet.Hehadbeenofferedapromotiontochiefofstaffbeforehisdeparture.[542]On13 November,JohnsonorderedChiefAdviserDominicCummings,alongtimecolleagueofCain,tovacateDowningStreet.Despitethis,reportsstatedCummingsandCainwouldcontinuetoworkfromhomeforthecabinetofficeuntilmid-December.[543][544]Severalmonthsafterhisdismissal,on26 May2021,Cummingsclaimedduringaseven-hourtestimonydeliveredtoParliamentthatJohnsonwas"unfitforthejob"andthat"tensofthousandsofpeoplediedwhodidn'tneedtodie"duringtheearlydaysoftheCOVID-19pandemicduetowhatheclaimedtobe"criminal,disgracefulbehaviour"withinDowningStreetunderthesupervisionofHealthSecretaryMattHancock.[545][546]JohnsonandHancockdeniedsomeofCummings'claimsbutdeclinedtoacknowledgeothers,suchasCummingsclaimingJohnsonattemptedtoplaydownthethreatofCOVID-19bysayingitwas"onlykilling80-year-olds"duringthepandemic'searlystages.[547][548] Legislativeagenda AttheStateOpeningofParliamenton11 May2021,arangeofproposedlawswereannouncedthatareexpectedtobeenactedduringJohnson'ssecondterm.ThesemeasuresincludetheDissolutionandCallingofParliamentBill,whichwouldrestoretheroyalprerogativetodissolveParliament;aHigherEducation(FreedomofSpeech)Billtocombatdeplatformingatuniversities;[549]anOnlineSafetyBillthatwouldimposeastatutorydutyofcareononlinecompaniesandempowerOfcomtoblockparticularwebsites;[550]andanAnimalWelfare(Sentience)Billthatwouldlegallyrecogniseanimalsentience.Furtherlawswouldintroducemandatoryvoteridentificationatgeneralelections,reformthenationalimmigrationsystem,andimplementalevellinguppolicytoreduceimbalancesbetweenareas.[549] 2021DowningStreetrefurbishmentcontroversy Furtherinformation:2021DowningStreetrefurbishmentcontroversy InApril2021,CummingsmadeallegationsthatJohnsonhadarrangedfordonorsto"secretlypay"forrenovationsontheprivateresidenceat11DowningStreet.[551]Cummingswroteonhisblogthattheplanswere"unethical,foolish,possiblyillegal"and"almostcertainlybroketherulesonproperdisclosureofpoliticaldonationsifconductedinthewayheintended."[552][553] On27AprilJohnsonaskedtheCabinetSecretary,SimonCase,toholdareviewabouttherefurbishment.[554]On28April,theElectoralCommissionannouncedithadopenedaformalinvestigationintotheallegations.[555][556]OnthesamedayJohnsonsaidthathehadnotbrokenanylawsovertherefurbishmentandhadmettherequirementshewasobligedtomeetinfull.[557]DuringPrimeMinister'sQuestions,theleaderoftheopposition,KeirStarmer,asked:"WhoinitiallypaidfortheredecorationofhisDowningStreetflat?";Johnsonresponded:"IpaidforDowningStreet'srefurbishmentpersonally."[558] On28MayLordGeidtpublishedareportontheallegationsinanannextotheregisterofinterests.ThereportconcludedthatJohnsondidnotbreachtheMinisterialCodeandthatnoconflict,orreasonablyperceivedconflict,ofinterestarose.However,LordGeidtexpressedthatitwas"unwise"forJohnsontohaveproceededwithrefurbishmentswithout"morerigorousregardforhowthiswouldbefunded".[559][560]AngelaRayner,DeputyLeaderoftheLabourParty,wrotetoLordGeidtaskingforevidenceofthelackofconflictofinterestandsaidthatitwas"franklyscarcelybelievable"thatJohnsondidnotknowwhowasfundingtherefurbishments.[561][562] TheElectoralCommissionreportedon9DecemberthatitfoundthattheConservativePartyhadfailedtofollowthelawinnotaccuratelyreportingdonationstothepartyfromLordBrownlowandimposeda£17,800fineontheparty.[563][564]TheHeraldsaythecommission'sreportoutlineshowinMarchallthemoneypaidbyBrownlowandhiscompanyhadbeenreimbursedashadpaymentsmadebytheConservativePartyandCabinetOffice.[564]DowningStreethadsaidatthetimethatthefullcostoftheworkshadbeenmetpersonallybytheprimeminister.[564] 2021energycrisis InSeptember2021,afuelsupplycrisisoccurredintheUK,causedbypanicbuyingtriggeredbymediareportsofaleakedgovernmentbriefingdiscussingtheshortageofheavygoodsvehicle(HGV)drivers.[565]ThiscoincidedwithariseinenergypricesthatJohnsonsaidwasa"short-term"problemcausedby"theglobaleconomycomingbacktolife"aftertheCOVID-19pandemic.Economistsofvariouspoliticalviews,andtheheadofenergyregulatorOfgemstronglydisagreed.[566][567] 2021Partyconferencespeech AttheConservativepartyconferenceinOctober2021,JohnsonwascriticisedbySimonWolfson,chairmanofNextplc,amajorpartydonorandBrexitsupporter.WolfsonsaidJohnsonhadfailedtoaddresssupplychainissues.TheAdamSmithInstitutedescribedJohnson'sspeechas"bombasticbutvacuousandeconomicallyilliterate".[568] OwenPatersoncontroversy Seealso:OwenPaterson§ LobbyingandbreachofCommonsadvocacyrules,andUnitedKingdomparliamentarysecondjobscontroversy InNovember2021,JohnsonbackedamotiontoblockthesuspensionofOwenPaterson,aConservativeMPfoundtohaveabusedhispositionbytheindependentstandardscommissionerafterundertakingpaidlobbyingonbehalfoftwocompanies.[569]ThemotioncalledforthecreationofanewConservative-majoritycommitteetoexaminereformsofthestandardsinvestigationprocess.[570]ManyConservativeMPsrefusedtosupportthemotion,and13defiedathree-linewhiptovoteagainstit.[571]Followingtheannouncementbyoppositionpartiesthattheywouldboycottthenewcommittee,andfacedwithabacklashinthemediaandfromMPsofallparties,thegovernmentreverseditspositionandannouncedthatanewvotewouldtakeplaceonwhetherPatersonshouldbesuspended.[572]PatersonannouncedhisresignationasanMPthesameday.[573] AfterPatersonresigned,aby-electionwasheldinPaterson'sformerconstituencyofNorthShropshire.TheLiberalDemocratcandidate,HelenMorgan,overturnedaConservativemajorityofnearly23,000towintheseat.[574]The34%swingwasseventhlargestinUnitedKingdomby-electionhistory.[575] Partygatescandal Mainarticle:Partygate DowningStreet,wheresomeofthegatheringstookplace[576] InearlyDecember2021,reportsemergedthatsocialgatheringsofgovernmentandConservativePartystaffinDowningStreethadtakenplaceaheadofChristmas2020againstCOVID-19regulations.Johnsonandaspokespersondeniedtheseallegations.[577][578]FollowingaleakedvideoshowingDowningStreetstaffjokingabouta"fictionalparty",atapressconferencerehearsalrecordeddaysafteroneallegedpartytookplace,Johnsonapologisedforthecontentsofthevideoandsuggestedhehadbeenmisledbuthadnoworderedaninquiryintowhetherapartytookplaceandwhetherruleswerebroken.[579][580] On10January2022,ITVNewsreportedthataplannedpartyhadtakenplaceon20May2020,duringthefirstlockdown.ITVhadobtainedanemailsentbyprincipalprivatesecretaryMartinReynoldstostaffinvitingthemto"sociallydistanceddrinks"inthegardenofNo.10andaskingthemto"bringyourownbooze".[581]Atthetime,peopleoutdoorswerenotallowedtomeetmorethanonepersonfromoutsidetheirhousehold.[582]TwoeyewitnesseslaterallegedthatJohnsonandSymondsattended,contradictingJohnson'sinsistenceinDecember2021thattherewere"noparties".[583][581]Atfirst,Johnsondidnotdenythatheattended.[584] On12January2022,JohnsonapologisedtoMPsintheCommonsfor"attendinganeventintheDowningStreetgardenduringthefirstlockdown",[585][586]statinghebelieveditwas"aworkevent".[587]HesaidthatMPsshouldawaittheoutcomeoftheindependentinquiryintoWestminsterlockdownparties,ledbyseniorcivilservantSueGray,whichhesaid"willreportassoonaspossible".[588]TherewereimmediatecallsacrosstheHouseforJohnsontoresign,voicedmainlybytheleadersoftheoppositionparties.Later,ScottishConservativeleaderDouglasRossandseveralotherConservativeMPsexpressedtheiragreement.[588][589] AnimageofJohnsonatasocialgathering,fromSueGray'sreportintothepartygatescandal. On19January,BurySouthMPChristianWakeforddefectedfromtheConservativePartytotheLabourParty.[590]AttheendofPrimeMinister'sQuestions,ConservativeformerministerDavidDaviscalledforJohnsontoresign,quotingLeoAmerycallingonNevilleChamberlaintoresignduringtheNorwayDebatein1940,andsaying:"Youhavesattheretoolongforallthegoodyouhavedone.InthenameofGod,go."[591][592][593]Amery'scallwasitselfareferencetoCromwell'sdismissaloftheRumpparliament. On25January,theMetropolitanPolice'schiefcommander,CressidaDick,announcedthattheywerecommencinginvestigationsintotheDowningStreetParties.Dickstatedthat"potentialbreachesofCOVID-19regulations"atDowningStreetandWhitehalloverthelasttwoyearswouldbelookedinto.[594] AnabbreviatedversionoftheSueGrayreportintothecontroversywasreleasedon31January,whereGrayconcludedtherewasa"failureofleadership"overtheeventsthatshehadexamined.ThereleaseofthefullreportwasdelayedpendingtheMetropolitanPolice'sinvestigation.[595] InearlyFebruary2022,fourofJohnson'ssenioraidesresigned:DanRosenfield(chiefofstaff),MartinReynolds(principalprivatesecretary),MuniraMirza(headofpolicy)andJackDoyle(directorofcommunications).[596] On12April2022,DowningStreetconfirmedthatJohnsonwouldbeissuedafixedpenaltynoticefor£50aspolicebelievedhehadbrokenthelawbybreachingCOVID-19regulationswhenattendingpartiesduringCOVID-19restrictions.[597]Atleast50suchnoticeswouldbeissued,withotherrecipientsincludingJohnson'swifeandChancellorSunak.JohnsonthereforebecamethefirstPrimeMinisterinBritishhistorytohavebeensanctionedforbreakingthelawwhileinoffice.[598]BorisJohnsoneitherknowinglybrokethelawordidnotunderstandlawshehimselfhadintroduced.[576] AccordingtoDowningStreetinsiders,JohnsonwasinvolvedininstigatingapartyontheoccasionofLeeCainleavingNumber10.WhathadbegunaspressofficedrinksbecameapartyafterJohnsonarrived,gaveaspeechandpoureddrinksforstaff.Labour'sdeputyleader,AngelaRaynersaid,"Ifthelatestreportsaretrue,itwouldmeanthatnotonlydidtheprimeministerattendparties,buthehadahandininstigatingatleastoneofthem.HehasdeliberatelymisledtheBritishpeopleateveryturn.Theprimeministerhasdemeanedhisoffice."[599][600][601][602] On19April2022,CommonsSpeakerLindsayHoyledecidedthatMPswouldvote,on21April,onwhetherJohnsonshouldbereferredtotheParliamentaryPrivilegesCommitteetoinvestigatewhetherheknowinglymisledParliament.[603]Thiswaswavedthroughunopposedon21April.[604] SteveBakersaidJohnson's,"marvellouscontrition...onlylastedaslongasittooktogetoutoftheheadmaster'sstudy".Bakeradded,"Ihavetoacknowledgethatiftheprimeministeroccupiedanyotherofficeofseniorresponsibility...hewouldbelonggone."[605] InApril2022,apollbyTheIndependentfound27%ofvoterswhovotedConservativeinthe2019generalelectionclaimtheyarelesslikelyvotethatwayagainifJohnsonstaysleader.Labourwereat40%withtheConservativesat34%.Johnsonrated-28(33%claimhedoesagoodjoband61%bad)worsethan-19thepreviousmonth.About65%,including46%ofConservativevotersmaintainedJohnsonshouldresignifhegetsmorefixedpenaltynoticesorgetsseverecriticisminSueGray'sreportand63%maintainedhisapologieswerenotgoodenough.Only28%believedhedidnotknowhewasbreakingthelawduringaDowningStreetbirthdayparty,while63%,including52%ofConservativevoters,maintainedhewaslying.[606] LeafletsfortheMay2022referredtocandidatesasLocalConservativesandavoidedpicturesofJohnson.[607] FollowingtheMay2022localelectionsintheUK,manyleadingConservativesinareaswheretheConservativeshaddonebadlywereblamingJohnsonandcallingonJohnsontoresign.[608] On1June,LordGeidtsaidhewantedJohnsontoexplainwhyhethoughthisfixedpenaltynoticedidnotshowhehadbrokentheministerialcode.[609] On6June,GrahamBradyannouncedthatthethresholdforavoteonJohnson'sleadershiphadbeenpassed;thevotewasscheduledforlaterthatsameday.[610] Starmerslurcontroversy WhilespeakingintheHouseofCommonson31January2022,JohnsonfalselyblamedStarmerforthenon-prosecutionofserialsexoffenderJimmySavilewhenStarmerwasDirectorofPublicProsecutions(DPP)intheCrownProsecutionService(CPS).StarmerwasDPPintheyearsimmediatelypriortoSavile'sdeathbutthereisnoevidencehewasinvolvedinthedecisiontonothavehimprosecuted.[611]TheclaimlinkingthefailureoftheCPStoprosecuteSaviletoStarmeroriginatedin2018ontheright-wingGuidoFawkesblog,andwasamplifiedinApril2020bythefar-rightfakenewswebsitePoliticalite.[612]Johnsonreceivedcriticismforthecommentandhispolicyadviser,MuniraMirza,resignedthreedayslater,sayinginherresignationletterthatJohnsonhadmade"ascurrilousaccusation"againstStarmer.[613]On3February,duringaninterviewwithSkyNews,Johnsondefendedhiscomments,statingthatin2013,StarmerapologisedbecausetheCPShadnotinvestigatedSavile;however,Johnsonthensaid:"Itotallyunderstandthathe[Starmer]hadnothingtodopersonallywiththosedecisions".[614] On7February,whileStarmerandhiscolleagueDavidLammywereleavingParliament,theywereambushedbyagroupofpeoplewhoshoutedabuseatStarmerincludingthewords"traitor"and"JimmySavile".Twopeople,amanandawoman,werearrestedafteratrafficconewasthrownatpoliceofficers.Johnsontweetedthatitwas"absolutelydisgraceful"andthankedthepoliceforactingswiftly.[615]ShayanSardarizadehforBBCMonitoringsaidthattheprotestwasanattempttorecreatetheCanadianconvoyprotestsintheUK,andnotedthattheactivists'referencestoMagnaCartaindicatedthattheprotestersweremembersofthesovereigncitizenmovement.[615]TheSavileclaimshavealsobeenlinkedtoBritishoffshootsoftheQAnonconspiracymovement.[612]JulianSmith,theformerchiefwhip,andSimonHoarewereamongConservativeswhocalledforJohnsontoapologise.MPKimLeadbeaterandBrendanCox,thesisterandhusbandofmurderedMPJoCox,warnedagainstpoliticianslendingcredencetofar-rightconspiracytheories.[616][617]DeaththreatssenttoStarmerfollowingthisepisodewerelaterinvestigatedbythepolice.[618] Newhospitals Duringthe2019UnitedKingdomgeneralelectioncampaignandmanytimesafterwards,Johnsonpledgedtobuild40newhospitalsby2030.[619]Mostoftheclaimed"new"hospitalsarenotentirenewhospitalshowever,butinsteadnewwingsorrefurbishmentsofexistinghospitals[619]andonlysixwillbecompletedby2025.[620]InJuly2022theNationalAuditOfficeannouncedaninvestigationintotheaffordabilityofthepledgeandraisedconcernsabouttheclaimthatthehospitalswillbe"new".[621] Voteofconfidence Mainarticle:2022voteofconfidenceintheConservativePartyleadershipofBorisJohnson IntheweekpriortoandthroughoutthePlatinumJubileeofElizabethIIinJune2022,ithadbeenspeculatedthatavoteofconfidenceinJohnson'sleadershipoftheConservativePartymightoccurinthenearfuture.[622][623]On6June2022,theConservativePartyannouncedthatJohnsonwouldfaceavoteofconfidenceinhisleadershipoftheparty,afteratleast54ConservativeMPswroteno-confidenceletterstoSirGrahamBrady,thechairmanofthe1922Committee,meetingthethresholdrequiredtoarrangesuchavote.Johnsonwonthevote,with211infavourand148against(59%infavour,41%against).[624][625]ThenumberofrebelMPswaslargerthanhadbeenexpected.[625]ThevoteshowedmorewidespreadlackofconfidenceinJohnsonthansimilarvotesduringtheleadershipofMargaretThatcherandTheresaMay.[625]TheresultwasdescribedbyKeirStarmerasthe"beginningoftheend"forJohnson'spremiership.[626] Juneby-elections FollowingheavyConservativedefeatsinthe23Juneby-electionsinWakefieldbytheLabourPartyandinTivertonandHoniton,bytheLiberalDemocrats,formerpartyleaderMichaelHowardcalledforJohnsontoresign,saying:"[MrJohnson's]biggestassethasalwaysbeenhisabilitytowinvotesbutI'mafraidyesterday'sresultsmakeitclearthathenolongerhasthatability."[627][628] OliverDowden,theCo-ChairmanoftheConservativeParty,resignedsaying:"Wecannotcarryonwithbusinessasusual"[629][630]and"Somebodymusttakeresponsibility".[631]Johnsonannouncedthathadnointentionofchangingorresigning;seniorConservativesaccusedhimofincreasingly"delusional"behaviour.[632][633]On26June2022Johnsonsaid:"AtthemomentI'mthinkingactivelyaboutthethirdtermandwhatcouldhappenthen,butIwillreviewthatwhenIgettoit."Healsoclaimedthatheintendedtostayasprimeministeruntilthemid-2030s,althoughNumber10latersaidthathehadbeenjoking.[634] Pincherscandal Mainarticle:ChrisPincherscandal GovernmentDeputyChiefWhipChrisPincherresignedon30June2022,sayinghehad"drunkfartoomuch"thenightbeforeattheCarltonClub,aprivatemembers'club,inStJames's,Londonandhaving"embarrassedmyselfandotherpeople".[635]Itwaslaterallegedthathesexuallyassaultedtwomen,[636]andhewassuspendedasaConservativeMP.[637]On3July2022sixnewallegationsagainstPincheremerged,involvingbehaviouroveradecade.[638] JohnsonallegedlyreferredtoPincheras"handsy"andCummingssaidJohnsonjokedabouthimbeing"Pincherbyname,pincherbynature"in2020,leadingtocallsforJohnsontoexplainhowmuchheknewaboutPincher'sbehaviour.[639]MinistersinitiallysaidthatJohnsonwasunawareofanyspecificcomplaintsagainstPincherwhenhewasappointedasdeputychiefwhip.TheBBCthenreported,however,thatanofficialcomplaintandsubsequentinvestigationintoPincher,whilehewasattheForeignOffice(July2019toFebruary2020),hadconfirmedhismisconduct,andthatJohnsonhadbeenmadeawareofthematteratthattime.[640]SirSimonMcDonald,formerPermanentUnder-SecretaryofStateforForeignAffairs,latersaidthattheprimeministerhadbeenbriefed"inperson"aboutPincher.[641][642] Massresignations Mainarticle:2022UnitedKingdomgovernmentcrisis On5July,SunakandJavidresignedwithinminutesofeachother,[643]followedoverthenext24hoursby11otherministers,aswellasConservativeMPsfromParliamentaryPrivateSecretaryandotherGovernmentpositions,includingtheSolicitorGeneral,AlexChalk;[644]otherbackbenchersalsowithdrewtheirsupportforJohnson.ManyoftheMPsinvolvedstatedthatthePincheraffairhadledthemtochangetheirmindsonthesuitabilityofJohnsontoholdtheofficeofPrimeMinister.[645]Itwasfurtherreportedon6JulythatJohnsoncouldfaceanotherconfidencevote,withmembersofthe1922Committeeconsideringchangingtherulesassoonasthateveningtoallowthistohappen.[646]By4p.m.on6July,therehadbeenatotalof31resignations.[647]AsofMay2022,thegovernmentcomprised122ministers.[648] Announcementofresignation JohnsonannouncinghispendingresignationasLeaderoftheConservativeParty Bythemorningof7July,thenewlyinstalledChancelloroftheExchequer,NadhimZahawi,publiclystatedhisbeliefthatJohnsonshouldresign.Withinhours,theBBCandothernewsoutletsreportedBorisJohnson'sintentiontoresignasPrimeMinister,pendingapartyleadershipelectionbyautumn2022.Johnsonannouncedhisresignationat12.30p.m.[649][650][651]Uponreportsofhisresignation,thepoundsterlingtemporarilystrengthenedinvalueandUKstocksrose.[652]HeremainedasPrimeMinisteruntilSeptember,whiletheConservativePartychoseanewleader.[653]On5September2022,itwasannouncedthatLizTrusshadwontheConservativeleadershipelection.Shebecameprimeministerthenextday,afterformallybeingappointedbyQueenElizabethIIatBalmoralCastle.[654] LGBTissues InearlyApril2022,JohnsondecidedtobanconversiontherapyforsexualorientationbutnotfortransgenderBritons,despitepreviouscommitmenttoendsuchtreatmentforallLGBTpeople.Hedefendedhisdecisionciting"complexitiesandsensitivities",addingthathethoughtbiologicalmalesshouldnotcompeteinwomen'ssportandwomenshouldhavetheirownchangingrooms.Inthegovernment's2017LGBTsurvey,fivepercentoftherespondentssaidtheyhadbeenofferedaformofconversiontherapy,withtwopercentsayingtheyhadundergoneit.Asaresultofthetransgenderexclusion,over100organisationspulledoutofaplannedglobalequalityconference,SafeToBeMe,whichhadtobeabandonedasaresult.[655][656] Environmentalpolicies InNovember2020,Johnsonannounceda10-pointplanfora"greenindustrialrevolution",whichwouldincludeanendtothesaleofpetrolanddieselcarsandvansby2030,[e]quadrupletheamountofoffshorewindpowercapacitywithinadecade,fundavarietyofemissions-cuttingproposals,andspurnaproposedgreenpost-COVID-19recovery.[658]In2021,theUKgovernmentunderJohnson'sleadershipannouncedplanstocutcarbonemissionsby78%by2035.[659] JohnsonannouncedthattheUKwouldjointheGlobalMethanePledgetocutmethaneemissionsby30%bytheyearof2030attheCOP26summit,whichtheUKhosted.[660][661]Beforethesummit,representativesofGreenpeaceandFriendsoftheEarthcriticisedJohnson'scommentsonplanstointroduce"enforceablelimits"oncarbonemissionsforothercountries,whichtheyaccusedofbeingunsubstantive[662]andhisgovernmentfacedcriticismfromenvironmentalgroupsforcuttingtaxesondomesticairtravel,giventheenvironmentalimpactofaviation.[663]Hewasaccusedofhypocrisy,byAnnelieseDoddsoftheLabourPartyandothers,forflyingbyacharteredprivatejetduringCOP26toattendareunionofTelegraphjournalistsattheGarrickClub.[664][665] InApril2022,Johnsonannouncedthateightmorenuclearreactorswouldbebuiltonexistingnuclearpowerplantsites,andcalledforanexpansioninwindenergy.[666]Undertheseplans,upto95%oftheUK'selectricitycouldcomefromlow-carbonpowersourcesby2030.[667] Foreignpolicy Furtherinformation:ListofinternationalprimeministerialtripsmadebyBorisJohnson JohnsonwithUSPresidentDonaldTrumpattheG7summitinBiarritz,26August2019 JohnsonsupportedtheEuropeanUnion–MercosurFreeTradeAgreement,[668]whichwouldformoneoftheworld'slargestfreetradeareas.[669]Johnson'sgovernmentplacedimportanceonmaintainingthe"SpecialRelationship"withtheUnitedStates.[670][671]In2022,hisgovernmentintroducedanasylumdealwithRwanda,wherebypeopleenteringtheUKillegallywouldbesenttoRwanda.[672] JohnsonandRussianPresidentVladimirPutinattheBerlinConferenceonLibya,19January2020 Chagosdispute TheUnitedKingdomandMauritiusdisputethesovereigntyoftheChagosArchipelagointheIndianOcean.[673]InFebruary2019,theInternationalCourtofJusticeinTheHagueissuedanadvisoryopinionstatingthattheUKhasanobligationtobringtoanenditsadministrationoftheChagosarchipelagoasrapidlyaspossible.InJune2020,30BritishMPs–includingLabour,SNPandLiberalDemocrats–signedalettercallingonPrimeMinisterJohnsontoactimmediatelyontheICJruling.However,theForeignOfficerejectedtheadvisoryopinion.[674]JohnsondisputedMauritianclaimstosovereigntyovertheChagos.[675] JohnsonwithPolishtroopsandPoland'sPMMateuszMorawieckiinWarsaw,10February2022 HongKongandChina JohnsonsaidinJuly2019thathisgovernmentwouldbevery"pro-China"inaninterviewwiththeHongKongbroadcasterPhoenixTV.HevoicedsupportforChinesePresidentXiJinping'sinfrastructureinvestmenteffort,theBeltandRoadInitiative,andpromisedtokeeptheUnitedKingdom"themostopeneconomyinEurope"forChineseinvestment.[676] On3 June2020,JohnsonannouncedthatifChinaweretocontinuepursuingtheHongKongnationalsecuritylaw,theUKwouldoffer350,000HongKongresidentswhoareBritishNational(Overseas)passportholders,and2.6 millionothereligibleindividuals,thechancetomovetotheUK,withthepossibilityoflaterapplyingforcitizenship.[677]ChinaaccusedtheUKofinterferinginitsinternalaffairs.[678] JohnsonrefusedtodescribetheChinesegovernment'streatmentoftheUyghurpeopleas"genocide",despiteuseofthetermbytheUnitedStates.[679]Johnson’sgovernmentarguedthatgenocideshouldbedecidedbytheInternationalCriminalCourt.[680]Nevertheless,hecalledwhatishappeningtotheUyghursinXinjiangas"utterlyabhorrent".[679] TheUKjoinedtheAUKUSdefencepactwiththeUnitedStatesandAustraliainSeptember2021,whichwasinterpretedasaimingtocounterChinesepowerintheIndo-Pacificregion.ThepactwasdenouncedbyChina[681]andcausedaFrenchbacklash,asitusurpedexistingplansforAustraliatoprocureFrenchsubmarines.[682]Johnsonwasdismissiveofthis,sayingthepactwasnotintendedtobeadversarialtowardsChina,andsaidthatFrenchofficialsshould"prenezungripaboutthisanddonnez-moiunbreak".[683] Afghanistan On8July2021,thedayaftersayinghewas"apprehensive"aboutthefutureofAfghanistanfollowingwhatwasthentheimpendingwithdrawalofUStroops,whilstannouncingthenearcompletionofBritishtroopwithdrawalfromAfghanistan,Johnsonexpressedtheviewthattherewas"nomilitarypathtovictoryfortheTaliban".[684][685]Afewweekslater,followingthefallofKabultotheTaliban,heblamedtheUnitedStatesforthecrisiscausedbythewithdrawalofU.S.troopsfromAfghanistan,[686][687]sayingthatNATOalliancemembers"couldnotcontinuethisUS-ledmission,amissionconceivedandexecutedinsupportofAmerica,withoutAmericanlogistics,withoutUSairpowerandwithoutAmericanmight".[688] UK–EUtradenegotiation Mainarticles:TradedealnegotiationbetweentheUKandEUandEU–UKTradeandCooperationAgreement FollowingtheformalwithdrawalfromtheEuropeanUnioninJanuary2020,Johnson'sgovernmententeredtradenegotiationswiththeEUtoagreeontheirfuturerelationshipbeforetheendofthetransitionperiodon31December2020.[689]Fisherieswasamajortopicofthenegotiations.[689][690]On16 October2020JohnsonsaidthattheUK"mustgetready"fornotradedealwiththeEU.[691]Withnegotiationscontinuinguntildaysbeforethedeadline,itwasannouncedon24 December2020thatatradedealhadbeenagreed.[692]EntitledtheEU–UKTradeandCooperationAgreement,itcameintoforceprovisionallyon1 January2021,andformallyon1May.AfisheriesdisputebetweentheUKandFranceoccurredshortlyafterwards.IntroductionofnewUKborderchecksweredelayeduntil2022tominimisethedisruptioncausedbytheCOVID-19pandemic.[689] InMay2022,JohnsonreadiedadraftthatwouldunilaterallychangepartsoftheNorthernIrelandProtocol,citingissueswithmedicalsuppliesandcutsinVAT.Oneofthethornierpointsofcontentioninvolvessafetyregulationsforfoodandplants,anareawheretheBritishgovernmentisopposedtoacloseralignmentwithexistingEUregulations.Foritspart,theEUhassofarrebuffedtheideaofchangingthetextofthetreatytoaccommodatetheBritish.AunilateraloverridebytheUKwouldbetantamounttoabreachoftheagreement.AsJohnsonsoughtamoreconciliatorytone,sourceswithinthegovernmentbegantostressthatthedraftisdesignedtobean"insurancepolicy"andinanycasewouldtakeyearstobecomelaw.[693] RussiaandUkraine Johnsonwalksonastreetofwar-hitKyivalongwithPresidentofUkraineZelenskyyon10April2022 InNovember2021,JohnsonwarnedthattheEuropeanUnionfaces"achoice"between"stickingupforUkraine"andapprovingtheNordStream2naturalgaspipelinewhichrunsfromRussiatoEurope.[694] Duringthe2021–2022Russo-Ukrainiancrisis,Johnson'sgovernmentwarnedtheRussianGovernmentnottoinvadeDonbas.[695][696][697]Despitethis,Johnson'sForeignSecretaryLizTrusstoldBBCNewsthatBritishtroopswere"unlikely"tobedeployed.[698]InaphonecalltoPresidentVladimirPutin,Johnsonurgedhimto"avoidbloodshed".[699]JohnsonandPutinagreedinaphonecalltoworktowardsa"peacefulresolution".[700]On1February2022,JohnsonarrivedinKyivonadiplomaticvisit.[701]HecalledthepresenceoftheRussianArmedForcesneartheRussia–Ukraineborder"thebiggestsecuritycrisisthatEuropehasfacedfordecades".[702]TheKremlindeniedthatitwantedtoattackUkraine.[702]On14February2022,JohnsonwarnedaninvasionofUkrainecouldtakeplacewithin48hours.[703]On20February2022,JohnsonwarnedthatRussiaisplanningthe"biggestwarinEuropesince1945"asPutinintendstoinvadeandencirclethecapitalofKyiv.[704]On21February2022,JohnsoncondemnedRussia'sdiplomaticrecognitionoftwoself-proclaimedseparatistrepublicsinDonbas.[705] Johnsoncondemnedthe2022RussianinvasionofUkraine,andensuredtheUKjoinedininternationalsanctionsonRussianbanksandoligarchs.[706]HelaterannouncedtheUKwouldphaseoutRussianoilbytheendof2022.[707] On9April2022,JohnsontravelledtoKyivandmetthePresidentofUkraine,VolodymyrZelenskyy.[708]On16April2022,Russia'sMinistryforForeignAffairsbannedJohnsonandanumberofseniorBritishpoliticians,includingcabinetmembers,fromvisitingRussia,sayingthatBritainaimedtoisolateRussiapoliticallyandsupply"theKyivregimewithlethalweaponsandcoordinatingsimilareffortsonthepartofNATO".[709] WithinUkraine,Johnsonispraisedbymanyasasupporterofanti-RussiansanctionsandmilitaryaidforUkraine.[710]ThedefencesecretaryBenWallacesaidon25AprilthattheUKhadprovided£200minmilitaryaidtoUkraine.[711]On3May,JohnsonvirtuallyaddressedtheUkrainianparliament,becomingthefirstworldleadertospeakinUkrainesincetheinvasion.Inhisspeech,hepledgedanextra£300minmilitaryaidtoUkraine,praisedUkraine'sresistancetoRussiaasits"finesthour"andsaidthattheWesthadbeen"tooslowtograspwhatwasactuallyhappening"priortoRussia'sinvasion.[712][713]InAugust2022,JohnsonblamedVladimirPutinfortheemergingglobalenergycrisis,sayingthatPutinwantedtheUKto"buckle"inthefaceof"eye-watering"energypricerises.[714] PostPrimeMinistarialcareer AfterhisreturnfromBalmoralCastletohandinhisresignation,herevertedtobeinganordinaryback-bencher.OnthedeathofQueenElizabethII,hetookpartinCharlesIII'sAccessionCouncilandparticipatedinmanyotherfuneral-relatedevents. ElectoralperformancefortheHouseofCommons ThissectionisanexcerptfromElectoralhistoryofBorisJohnson§Parliamentaryelections.[edit] 1997generalelection,ClwydSouth ThissectionistranscludedfromClwydSouth(UKParliamentconstituency).(edit|history) Generalelection1997:ClwydSouth[715][716] Party Candidate Votes % ±% Labour MartynJones 22,901 58.1 N/A Conservative BorisJohnson 9,091 23.1 N/A LiberalDemocrats AndrewChadwick 3,684 9.4 N/A PlaidCymru GarethWilliams 2,500 6.3 N/A Referendum AlexLewis 1,207 3.1 N/A Majority 13,810 35.0 N/A Turnout 39,383 73.6 N/A Registeredelectors 53,495 Labourwin(newseat) 2001generalelection,Henley ThissectionistranscludedfromHenley(UKParliamentconstituency).(edit|history) Generalelection2001:Henley[717][718] Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative BorisJohnson 20,466 46.1 –0.3 LiberalDemocrats CatherineBearder 12,008 27.0 +2.3 Labour JanetMatthews 9,367 21.1 –1.6 UKIP PhilipCollings 1,413 3.2 New Green OliverTickell 1,147 2.6 +1.6 Majority 8,458 19.1 –2.6 Turnout 44,401 64.3 –13.3 Conservativehold Swing –1.3 2005generalelection,Henley ThissectionistranscludedfromHenley(UKParliamentconstituency).(edit|history) Generalelection2005:Henley[719][717] Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative BorisJohnson 24,894 53.5 +7.4 LiberalDemocrats DavidTurner 12,101 26.0 –1.0 Labour KaleemSaeed 6,862 14.7 –6.4 Green MarkStevenson 1,518 3.3 +0.7 UKIP DelphineGray-Fisk 1,162 2.5 –0.7 Majority 12,793 27.5 +8.4 Turnout 46,537 67.9 +3.6 Conservativehold Swing +4.2 2015generalelection,UxbridgeandSouthRuislip ThissectionistranscludedfromUxbridgeandSouthRuislip(UKParliamentconstituency).(edit|history) Generalelection2015:UxbridgeandSouthRuislip[720][721][722] Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative BorisJohnson 22,511 50.2 1.9 Labour ChrisSummers[723] 11,816 26.4 3.0 UKIP JackDuffin 6,346 14.2 11.5 LiberalDemocrats MichaelCox 2,215 4.9 14.9 Green GrahamLee[724] 1,414 3.2 2.1 TUSC GaryHarbord[725] 180 0.4 New Independent JennyThompson[726] 84 0.2 New MonsterRavingLoony HowlingLaudHope[727] 72 0.2 New CommunitiesUnited SabrinaMoosun[726] 52 0.1 New TheEccentricPartyofGreatBritain(UK) LordTobyJug[726] 50 0.1 New Independent MichaelDoherty[726] 39 0.1 New TheRealists'Party JaneLawrence[726] 18 0.0 New Independent JamesJackson[726] 14 0.0 New Majority 10,695 23.8 1.1 Turnout 44,811 63.4 0.1 Registeredelectors 70,631 Conservativehold Swing 0.5 2017generalelection,UxbridgeandSouthRuislip ThissectionistranscludedfromUxbridgeandSouthRuislip(UKParliamentconstituency).(edit|history) Generalelection2017:UxbridgeandSouthRuislip[728][729] Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative BorisJohnson 23,716 50.8 0.6 Labour VincentLo 18,682 40.0 13.6 LiberalDemocrats RosinaRobson 1,835 3.9 1.0 UKIP LizzyKemp 1,577 3.4 10.8 Green MarkKeir 884 1.9 1.3 Majority 5,034 10.8 13.0 Turnout 46,694 66.8 3.4 Registeredelectors 69,936 Conservativehold Swing 6.5 2019generalelection,UxbridgeandSouthRuislip ThissectionistranscludedfromUxbridgeandSouthRuislip(UKParliamentconstituency).(edit|history) Generalelection2019:UxbridgeandSouthRuislip[728][730] Party Candidate Votes % ±% Conservative BorisJohnson 25,351 52.6 1.8 Labour AliMilani 18,141 37.6 2.4 LiberalDemocrats JoanneHumphreys 3,026 6.3 2.4 Green MarkKeir 1,090 2.2 0.3 UKIP GeoffreyCourtenay 283 0.6 2.8 MonsterRavingLoony LordBuckethead 125 0.3 New Independent CountBinface 69 0.1 New Independent AlfieUtting 44 0.1 New [731] Yace"InterplanetaryTimeLord"Yogenstein 23 0.0 New Independent NormaBurke 22 0.0 New [731] BobbySmith 8 0.0 New [731] WilliamTobin[732] 5 0.0 New Majority 7,210 15.0 4.2 Turnout 48,187 68.5 1.7 Registeredelectors 70,369 Conservativehold Swing 2.1 Politicalpositionsandideology Mainarticle:PoliticalpositionsofBorisJohnson JohnsonatademonstrationagainsthospitalclosureswithLiberalDemocratMPJohnHemming(left)andConservativeMPGrahamStuart(centre)inMarch2006 [Iam]free-market,tolerant,broadlylibertarian(thoughperhapsnotultra-libertarian),inclinedtoseethemeritoftraditions,anti-regulation,pro-immigrant,pro-standingonyourowntwofeet,pro-alcohol,pro-hunting,pro-motoristandreadytodefendtothedeaththerightofGlennHoddletobelieveinreincarnation. —BorisJohnson,2011[153] Ideologically,Johnsonhasbeendescribedbyhimselfandothersasa"One-NationTory".[733][734]PoliticalscientistshavedescribedJohnson'spoliticalpositionsasambiguousandcontradictory,encompassingnativist,authoritarianandfreemarkettendenciesontheonehand,andone-nationliberalconservatismontheother.[735]SomescholarshavequestionedJohnson'scommitmenttoone-nationconservativism,insteadcharacterisinghisideologyasbeingflexibleandpopulist.[736][737]PurnellstatedthatJohnsonregularlychangedhisopiniononpoliticalissues,commentingonwhatsheperceivedtobe"anideologicalemptinessbeneaththestaunchToryexterior".[738]Shelaterreferredtohis"opportunistic–somemightsaypragmatic–approachtopolitics".[16] DuringhistenureasLondonMayor,Johnsongainedareputationas"aliberal,centre-groundpolitician",accordingtoBusinessInsider.[739]In2012,thepoliticalscientistTonyTraversdescribedJohnsonas"afairlyclassic—thatis,small-state—mildlyeuroscepticConservative"who,likehiscontemporariesCameronandGeorgeOsborne,alsoembraced"modernsocialliberalism".[740]TheGuardianstatedthatwhilemayor,Johnsonblendedeconomicandsocialliberalism,[741]withTheEconomistsayingthatindoingsoJohnson"transcendshisToryidentity"andadoptsamorelibertarianperspective.[742] AccordingtopoliticalscientistRichardHayton,Johnson'spremiershipcentredaroundBrexit,whichservedasa"nationalcause".Johnsonevokedthediscourseofpopularsovereigntyandanti-establishmentpopulismtoportrayParliamentasseekingto"sabotage"Brexit,andindoingso,presentedhimself"asthetruerepresentativeof'thepeople'".[735][743]In2019,AlJazeeraeditorJamesBrownswellsaidthatalthoughJohnsonhad"leanedtotheright"sincetheBrexitcampaign,heremained"slightlymoresociallyliberal"thanmuchofhisparty.[744] ScholarsofcomparativepoliticshavedrawncomparisonsbetweenJohnsonandotherpopulistleaderssuchasDonaldTrumpandViktorOrban.[743]SomecommentatorshavelikenedaspectsofJohnson'spoliticalstyletoTrumpism,[745][746][747]althoughothershavearguedagainstthis,sayingthatJohnson'sstanceonmatterssuchassocialpolicy,immigrationandfreetradeisliberal.[748][better source needed] JohnsonbiographerGimsonwrotethatJohnsoniseconomicallyandsocially"agenuineliberal",althoughheretainsa"Toryelement"tohispersonalitythroughhis"loveofexistinginstitutions,andarecognitionoftheinevitabilityofhierarchy".[749]StuartReid,Johnson'scolleagueatTheSpectator,describedthelatter'sviewsasbeingthoseofa"liberallibertarian".[750]In2019,reactingtoreportsinTheSun,thatJohnsonhadtoldcabinetcolleagueshewas"basicallyaBrexityHezza",formerdeputyleaderoftheConservativePartyMichaelHeseltinesaidJohnson"hasnorighttocallhimselfaone-nationConservative"andwrote:"Ifearthatanytracesofliberalconservatismthatstillexistwithintheprimeministerhavelongsincebeencapturedbytherightwing,foreigner-bashing,inward-lookingviewoftheworldthathascometocharacterisehisfellowBrexiters."[751] Environment JohnsonspokeaboutclimateactionattheCOP26climatesummitinGlasgowon1November2021 AccordingtoTheyWorkForYou,Johnsonhas"generallyvotedagainst"whatitdescribedas"measurestopreventclimatechange"whileanMP.[752][753][754]WhileMayorofLondon,Johnsonexpressedclimateskepticalviewsinseveralcolumns.[755][753][756]IntwoDailyTelegraphcolumnspublishedin2012and2013,heconflatedthedistinctionbetweenweatherandclimateandhighlightedafactuallyincorrectclaimbyweatherforecasterandconspiracytheoristPiersCorbynthatreducedsolaractivitycouldleadtoa"mini-IceAge".[752][756]BloombergsuggestedthatJohnson'sinterestinclimatechangeincreasedafterbecomingPrimeMinister,andsuggestedthiscouldhavebeeninfluencedbyhiswifeCarrieSymondsandfatherStanleyJohnson,whoarebothenvironmentalcampaigners.[757]Itwasreportedin2022thatJohnsonwasconvincedofthescientificconsensusonclimatechangefollowingabriefingbythechiefscientistoftheMetOfficeinJanuary2020,andsubsequentlymadetheissueapriorityforhisgovernment.[755] In2019and2020,JohnsonexpressedsupportfortheUKtohave"net-zero"greenhousegasemissionsby2050[758]andspokeaboutincreasingambitionformitigatingclimatechangethroughcarboncaptureandstorage[759]andarenewableenergytransition.[760]Duringthe2021UnitedNationsClimateChangeConference,Johnsoncalledforgreatereffortstowardsclimatechangemitigation,[761]andwelcomedtheprospectofcoalphase-out.[762] ImmigrationandtheEuropeanUnion JohnsonwithEUCommissionPresidentJean-ClaudeJuncker,16September2019 PurnellbelieveditwastheinfluenceofJohnson'smaternalfamily,theleft-wingFawcetts,thatledtohimdeveloping"agenuineabhorrenceofracialdiscrimination".[763]In2003,JohnsonsaidoftheEU,"Iamnotbyanymeansanultra-Eurosceptic.Insomeways,IamabitofafanoftheEuropeanUnion.Ifwedidnothaveone,wewouldinventsomethinglikeit."[764]AsMayorofLondon,Johnsonwasknownasasupporterofimmigration.[764]From2009,headvocatedareferendumonBritain'sEUmembership.[764][765][766] In2018,duringtheBrexitnegotiations,hecalledforBritaintoleavetheSingleMarket[764]andadvocatedamoreliberalapproachtoimmigrationthanthatofPrimeMinisterTheresaMay.[767]HestatedmanypeoplebelievedthatBritain'sEUmembershiphadledtothesuppressionofthewagesofits"indigenous"peopleandsaidtheEUwasintentoncreatinga"superstate"thatwouldseektorobBritainofitssovereignty.[764]In2019,JohnsonsaidhewouldtakeBritainoutoftheEUon31 Octoberwhethertherewasatradedealinplaceornot.[768]JohnsonalsostatedhisoppositiontoareferendumontheBrexitwithdrawalagreement.[769] On19 August2019,JohnsonwrotealettertotheEUandaskedfortheremovalofthe"backstop"accord,whichhadpreviouslybeenagreedandsignedbyTheresaMayduringherpremiership.ThepresidentoftheEuropeanCouncil,DonaldTusk,rejectedtheproposal.[770]On26August2019,JohnsonsaidthatBritainwouldnotpay£39 billionforthewithdrawalagreementweretheUKtoleavewithoutadealon 31October.TheEuropeanParliamentBrexitcoordinatorGuyVerhofstadtsaidtherewouldbenofurthernegotiationonthetradedealunlesstheUKagreedtopaytheentiresum.[771][needsupdate] Unionismanddevolution SpeakinginNorthernIreland,Johnsondescribedhimselfasa"ferventandpassionateunionist".[772]HeproposedbuildingabridgeortunnelbetweenScotlandandNorthernIreland,buthassincescrappedthisinitiative.[773] ThedevolvedadministrationshavecriticisedtheInternalMarketBillforitsre-centralisationofcontrolovercommerce,reversingthedevolutionofpowerintheUnitedKingdom.[774] Publicimage Mainarticle:PublicimageofBorisJohnson JohnsonvisitingacowfarminAberdeenin2019.BorisJohnsonhasbeendescribedbyvariousbiographersandcommentatorsashavingalightheartedandcharmingpersona,[775][776][777][778][779]manyofwhomsuggesthehasputsignificantthoughtandeffortintodevelopingthisversionofhimselfthroughouthisadultlife.[780][781][782][783]Hehasbeennotedasmakingsignificantuseofhumourinrelationtothis,sometimesforexplicitlypoliticalpurposes.[777][784][785]Johnsonhassaidthat"humourisautensilthatyoucanusetosugarthepillandtogetimportantpointsacross".[783]Heissaidtohaveagenuinedesiretobeliked.[786]Hehasalsobeendescribed,includingbysomeofthosethathaveknownhimpersonally,asheavilyfocusedonhisowninterests[787][788][789]withanoftenvitriolicorirresponsiblewayofconductinghimselfinprivate.[790][791][792] JohnsonhasbeendescribedasadivisiveandcontroversialfigureinBritishpolitics.[793][794][795]Hehasbeenaccusedoflyingormakinguntruthfulormisleadingstatementsthroughouthiscareer.[796]Hehasalsobeendescribedasracistandotherwisebigoted,[15]withcomparisonsbeingdrawntoUSpresident,DonaldTrump.[797][798][799][800]HehasbeenconsideredafigurewithbroadappealoutsideoftheusualConservativesupportbase.[801]Johnson'spremiershiphasbeendescribedbyhistoriansasthemostcontroversialandscandaleffectedsincethatofDavidLloydGeorgeaboutacenturyearlier.[802] Personallife SinceJohnsonwasborninNewYorkCitytoBritishparents,hefirstheldBritish-Americandualcitizenship.In2014,heacknowledgedhewasdisputingademandforcapitalgainstaxfromtheUStaxauthoritiesonapropertythatheinheritedintheUnitedKingdom,[803][804]whichultimatelyhepaid.[805]InFebruary2015,heannouncedhisintentiontorenouncehisUScitizenshiptodemonstratehisloyaltytotheUK,[806]whichhedidin2016.[807]JohnsonhasaknowledgeofFrench,Italian,German,Spanish,[91]Latin,andAncientGreek,[808]frequentlyemployingandalludingtoclassicalreferencesinbothhisnewspapercolumnsandhisspeeches.[780]HisfavouritefilmisTheGodfather,dueto"themultipleretributionkillingsattheend".[809] PurnellwrotethatJohnsonwasa"highlyevasivefigure"whenitcametohispersonallife,[810]whoremaineddetachedfromothersandwhohadveryfewifanyintimatefriends.[811]Amongfriendsandfamily,JohnsonismorecommonlyknownasAl(shortforhisforenameAlexander),ratherthanhismiddlenameBoris.[812] In2007,Johnsonsaidhehadsmokedcannabisbeforehewenttouniversity.[813]Hehasalsosaidhehadusedcocaine.[814]Johnsonpartakesincycling,tennisandpilates,andwasformerlyanavidrunnerbeforehavingtogiveitupduetokneeissues.[815]Johnson'sweighthasfluctuatedthroughouthiscareer;hewasconsideredobesein2018andoverweightin2020,andhasspokenofmakingeffortstoloseweight.[815][816] Johnsonownsa£1.3millionbuy-to-lettownhouseinCamberwell,SouthLondon.AccordingtoHMLandRegistrydocuments,heboughtthefour-bedroompropertywithhisthen-girlfriendCarrieSymondsinJuly2019.TheregisterofMPs'interestsstatesthatJohnsonhasarentalincomeofatleast£10,000ayear.[817] Religion JohnsonspeakingatWestminsterAbbey'sCommonwealthDayService,2020 JohnsonwasbaptisedaCatholicandlaterconfirmedintotheChurchofEngland,[53]buthassaidthathisfaith"comesandgoes"[818]andthatheisnotaseriouspractisingChristian.[819]In2020,hissonWilfredwasbaptisedCatholic,promptingsuggestionsthatJohnsonhadreturnedtoCatholicism.[820]JohnsonandSymondsmarriedinaCatholicceremonyatWestminsterCathedralon29 May2021.[821]TobemarriedintheCatholicChurch,Johnsonneededtohavehistwopreviousmarriagesproventobeinvalidbyreasonoflackofcanonicalform.SincehewasbaptisedCatholic,buthispreviousweddingswerenotconferredbytheCatholicChurch,theyareconsideredputativelyinvalid.[822][823] JohnsonholdsancientGreekstatesmanandoratorPericlesasapersonalhero.[824][825]AccordingtoJohnson'sbiographer,AndrewGimson,regardingancientGreekandRomanpolytheism:"itisclearthat[Johnson]isinspiredbytheRomans,andevenmorebytheGreeks,andrepelledbytheearlyChristians".[826]JohnsonviewssecularhumanismpositivelyandseesitasowingmoretotheclassicalworldthantoChristianthinking.[827]However,in2021,Johnsonwasaskedifheheldpre-Christianbeliefs,whichhedenied,saying,"ChristianityisasuperbethicalsystemandIwouldcountmyselfasakindofvery,verybadChristian[.]Nodisrespecttoanyotherreligions,butChristianitymakesalotofsensetome."[828] Relationships ChildrenofBorisJohnson byMarinaWheeler LaraLetticeJohnson-Wheeler(b.1993)MiloArthurJohnson(b.1995)CassiaPeachesJohnson(b.1997)TheodoreApolloJohnson(b.1999) byHelenMacintyre StephanieMacintyre(b.2009) byCarrieSymonds WilfredLawrieNicholasJohnson(b.2020)RomyIrisCharlotteJohnson(b.2021) [829][830] Johnsonwithhisthen-fiancéeCarrieSymondsatthe2020CommonwealthDayservice In1987,JohnsonmarriedAllegraMostyn-Owen,daughterofthearthistorianWilliamMostyn-OwenandItalianwriterGaiaServadio.[831]Thecouple'smarriageendedindivorceorannulmentin1993[f]and12dayslaterJohnsonmarriedMarinaWheeler,abarrister,daughterofjournalistandbroadcasterCharlesWheeler.[835]Fiveweekslater,WheelerandJohnson'sfirstchildwasborn.[836][837]TheWheelerandJohnsonfamilieshaveknowneachotherfordecades,[838]andMarinaWheelerwasattheEuropeanSchool,Brussels,atthesametimeasherfuturehusband.Theyhavefourchildren:LaraLettice,MiloArthur,CassiaPeaches,andTheodoreApollo.[839] Between2000and2004,JohnsonhadanaffairwithSpectatorcolumnistPetronellaWyattwhenhewasitseditor,resultinginaterminatedpregnancyandamiscarriage.[178]InApril2006,theNewsoftheWorldallegedthatJohnsonwashavinganaffairwithGuardianjournalistAnnaFazackerley.ThepairdidnotcommentandshortlyafterwardsJohnsonemployedFazackerley.[189][190] In2009,JohnsonfatheredadaughterwithHelenMacintyre,anartsconsultant.In2013,theCourtofAppealdischargedaninjunctionbanningreportingofhisdaughter'sexistence.ThejudgeruledthepublichadarighttoknowaboutJohnson's"reckless"behaviour.[227][840][841]Therehadbeenspeculationthathemayhavehadanotherchildfromanextramaritalaffairduetoanappealcourtjudgestatingin2013,"thefather'sinfidelitiesresultedintheconceptionofchildrenontwooccasions".[842]InSeptember2021,afteryearsofobfuscation,Johnsonstatedthathehadsixchildren,therebydenyingtheexistenceofanyfurtherillegitimatechildren.[843] InSeptember2018,JohnsonandWheelerissuedastatementconfirmingthatafter25yearsofmarriagetheyhadseparated"severalmonthsago",andhadbegundivorceproceedings.[844]TheyreachedafinancialsettlementinFebruary2020,[845]andthedivorcewasfinalisedbyNovember2020.[846] InOctober2020,JenniferArcuri,askedwhetherher'friendship'withJohnsonwasinfactanaffair,said"Ithinkthatgoeswithoutsaying ...ButI'mnotgoingtotalkaboutit."[847]InMarch2021,shewentintomoredetailabouttheallegedaffairinaninterviewwiththeSundayMirror,sayingitlastedfrom2012to2016.[848][849] In2019,JohnsonwaslivingwithCarrieSymonds,thedaughterofMatthewSymonds,co-founderofTheIndependentnewspaper.SymondshadworkedfortheConservativepartysince2009andworkedonJohnson's2012campaigntobere-electedasmayor.[850]On29 February2020,JohnsonandSymondsannouncedtheyhadbecomeengagedinlate2019,andthatSymondswasexpectingababyinearlysummer.[851]Theirson,WilfredLawrieNicholasJohnson,[852]wasbornon29 April2020atUniversityCollegeHospitalinLondon.[853][854] On29 May2021,JohnsonmarriedSymondsinasecretceremonyatWestminsterCathedralattendedby30guests,[821][855]becomingthefirstprimeministertomarryinofficesinceLordLiverpoolmarriedMaryChesterin1822.[856]On31July2021,itwasannouncedthattheywereexpectingtheirsecondchildtogetherafterCarriesufferedamiscarriageearlierthatyear.[857]Theirdaughter,RomyIrisCharlotteJohnson,[858]wasbornon9December2021atanNHSLondonhospital.[859] Familyandancestors JohnsonandhisyoungerbrotherLeoin2013 JohnsonistheeldestofthefourchildrenofStanleyJohnson,aformerConservativememberoftheEuropeanParliamentandanemployeeoftheEuropeanCommissionandtheWorldBank,andthepainterCharlotteJohnsonWahl(néeFawcett),[22]thedaughterofSirJamesFawcett,abarrister[860][861]andpresidentoftheEuropeanCommissionofHumanRights.[862]HisyoungersiblingsareRachelJohnson,awriterandjournalist;LeoJohnson,apartnerspecialisinginsustainabilityataccountancyfirmPricewaterhouseCoopers;[863]andJoJohnson,ex-ministerofstateandformerConservativeMPforOrpington,whoresignedfromhisbrother'sgovernmentinSeptember2019[471]andisnowamemberoftheHouseofLords.Johnson'sstepmother,Jenny,thesecondwifeofhisfatherStanley,isthestepdaughterofTeddySieff,theformerchairmanofMarks&Spencer.[864]HavingbeenamemberoftheConservativesbetween2008and2011,RachelJohnsonjoinedtheLiberalDemocratsin2017.[865]ShestoodasacandidateforChangeUKinthe2019EuropeanElections.[866]Johnsonalsohastwohalf-siblings,JuliaandMaximilian,throughhisfather'slatermarriagetoJenniferKidd.[867][868] Johnson'spaternalgrandfather,WilfredJohnson,wasanRAFpilotinCoastalCommandduringtheSecondWorldWar.[869]WilfredJohnson'sfatherwastheOttomanInteriorMinisterandjournalistAliKemal,whowasasecularMuslim.AliKemal'sfatherwasaTurkwithrootsinKalfat,avillageincentralTurkey,whilehismotherwasaCircassianreputedlyofslaveorigin.[870][871][872]HisotherpaternalancestryincludesEnglish,GermanandFrench;oneofhisGermanancestorswassaidtobetheillegitimatedaughterofPrincePaulofWürttembergandthusadescendantofGeorge IIofGreatBritain.[873]ThiswouldmakehimandElizabeth IIsixthcousinstwiceremoved.ThroughMaryofTeck'sconnectiontoDukeFrederick IIEugeneofWürttemberg,theywouldinthatcasealsohaveaclosergenealogicallinkasfifthcousinstwiceremoved. Johnson'smotheristhegranddaughterofEliasAveryLowe,apalaeographer,whowasaRussianJewishimmigranttotheUS,[874]andPennsylvania-bornHelenTracyLowe-Porter,atranslatorofThomasMann.[875]Throughthisfamilyline,JohnsonisadescendantintheseventhgenerationofAnnaCatharinaBischoff,whosemummifiedcorpsewasfoundin1975andidentifiedin2018.[876][877] Referringtohisvariedancestry,Johnsonhasdescribedhimselfasa"one-manmeltingpot"withacombinationofAbrahamicreligiousgreat-grandparents.[878]Johnsonwasalsogiventhemiddlename"Boris"afteraWhiteRussianémigrénamedBorisLitwin,whowasafriendofhisparents.[21]AnepisodeofWhoDoYouThinkYouAre?exploredtheGermanoriginsofhismiddlenamePfeffel.[5][879][880] Honours OrderofLiberty HonorarydegreeofDoctorofLaws(LLD)fromBrunelUniversityLondon,2007[881] HonoraryFellowshipoftheRoyalInstituteofBritishArchitects(Hon FRIBA),[882]2011[883] HonoraryAustralianoftheYearintheUK,26January2014[884][885] SworninasaMemberofHerMajesty'sMostHonourablePrivyCouncilon15July2016,uponhisappointmentasForeignSecretary.Thisgavehimthehonorifictitle"TheRightHonourable"forlife.[886] MedicalEducationIgNobelPrize,2020.[887] HonoraryCitizenofOdesa,2July2022[888][889]  Ukraine:MemberoftheOrderofLiberty(Ukraine),24August2022[890] Works Friends,Voters,Countrymen(HarperCollins,2001)ISBN 978-0-00-711913-4 Johnson'sColumn(ContinuumInternational–Academi,2003)ISBN 978-0-8264-6855-0 LendMeYourEars(HarperCollins,2003)ISBN 978-0-00-717224-5 Seventy-TwoVirgins(HarperCollins,2004)ISBN 978-0-00-719590-9 AspireEverHigher/UniversityPolicyforthe21stcentury(Politeia,2006) TheDreamofRome(HarperCollins,2006)ISBN 978-0-00-722441-8 HaveIGotViewsForYou(HarperPerennial,2006)ISBN 978-0-00-724220-7 LifeintheFastLane:TheJohnsonGuidetoCars(HarperPerennial,2007)ISBN 978-0-00-726020-1 ThePerilsofthePushyParents:ACautionaryTale(HarperPress2007)ISBN 978-0-00-726339-4 Johnson'sLifeofLondon(HarperPress2011)ISBN 978-0-00-741893-0 TheChurchillFactor(Hodder&Stoughton2014)ISBN 978-1-44-478302-5 Seealso ElectoralhistoryofBorisJohnson RacismintheUKConservativeParty§ AccusationsagainstBorisJohnson Notes ^DeputisedasFirstSecretaryofStatebetweenJuly2019andSeptember2021;asDeputyPrimeMinisterfromSeptember2021. ^Formally,Parliamentisproroguedbythemonarch(atthetimeQueenElizabeth II)ontheadviceoftheprimeminister;itisacommonlegalfictionintheUKthatmanyexecutivefunctionsoftheprimeministerareformallycarriedoutbythemonarchontheprimeminister's"advice",whichiseffectivelythelegalinstrumentbywhichtheprimeministercarriesoutthefunction.ItwasthisadviceofJohnson'sthatwasruledunlawful,nottheactionsoftheQueen.[6] ^CommissionRegulation(EC)No.2257/94introducedtherequirementforbananastobe"freefrommalformationorabnormalcurvature";differentstandardsappliedtodifferentclassesofbanana.[96] ^TheEUintroducedlimitsonthepowerofvacuumcleanersin2014.[98][99] 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Dale,Iaian.TheLittleBookofBoris.(HarrimanHouseLtd.,2007)ISBN 978-1-905641-64-2 Hayton,Richard."ConservativePartyStatecraftandtheJohnsonGovernment."PoliticalQuarterly(2021).online Heppell,Timothy;McMeeking,Thomas(2021)."TheConservativePartyLeadershipTransitionfromTheresaMaytoBorisJohnson:PartyPopularityandLeadershipSatisfaction".Representation.57(1):59–73. Johnson,Stanley(2009).StanleyIPresume.London:FourthEstate.ISBN 978-0-00-729673-6.Retrieved30July2022. O'Toole,Fintan,"TheKingofLittleEngland",TheNewYorkReviewofBooks,vol.LXVIII,no.10(10June2021),pp. 44–46. Vasudevan,A.TheThinkingMan'sIdiot:TheWitandWisdomofBorisJohnson(NewHollandPublishers(UK)Ltd.,2008)ISBN 978-1-84773-359-7 Worthy,Ben;Bennister,Mark;Stafford,MaxW.(2019)."RebelsleadingLondon:themayoraltiesofKenLivingstoneandBorisJohnsoncompared"(PDF).BritishPolitics.14(1):23–43. Externallinks Officialwebsite Officialwebsite ProfileatParliamentoftheUnitedKingdom ContributionsinParliamentatHansard AppearancesonC-SPAN BorisJohnsonatIMDb WorksbyoraboutBorisJohnsoninlibraries(WorldCatcatalog) BorisJohnson,columnist—TheDailyTelegraph BorisJohnsonontheMuckRackjournalistlistingsite PortraitsofBorisJohnsonattheNationalPortraitGallery,London vteBorisJohnson PrimeMinisteroftheUnitedKingdom(2019–2022) SecretaryofStateforForeignandCommonwealthAffairs(2016–2018) MayorofLondon(2008–2016) PremiershipFirstministry 2019ConservativePartyleadershipelection Listofdepartures 45thG7summit Prorogationcontroversy SuspensionofrebelConservativeMPs Secondministry Listofdepartures 2020cabinetreshuffle 2021cabinetreshuffle EUwithdrawalagreement NorthernIrelandProtocol COVID-19pandemic governmentresponse lockdown vaccinations contracts DominicCummingsscandal Partygate DeathandfuneraloftheDukeofEdinburgh DowningStreetrefurbishmentcontroversy 2021StateOpeningofParliament 47thG7summit EvacuationsfromAfghanistan COP26 IrishSeaBridgefeasibilitystudy OwenPatersonscandal Parliamentarysecondjobscontroversy Levelling-uppolicy Growthdeals WhitePaper GreatBritishRailways IntegratedRailPlan TradenegotiationbetweentheUKandtheEU TradeandCooperationAgreement UKcostoflivingcrisis Rwandaasylumplan 2022StateOpeningofParliament 2022ConservativePartyconfidencevote ChrisPincherscandal 2022governmentcrisis 2022cabinetreshuffle 2022ConservativePartyleadershipelection 2022voteofconfidenceintheJohnsonministry ResignationHonours Internationaltrips Brexit MinisterfortheUnion CommonwealthChair-in-Office(2019–2022)Mayoralty "BorisIsland" "BorisBikes" NewRoutemaster 2011Londonriots LondonCableCar 2012SummerOlympics 2012SummerParalympics GardenBridge NightTube JenniferArcuri Politics Politicalpositions Electoralhistory ConservativeParty Henley UxbridgeandSouthRuislip Elections 2008(Mayoral) 2012(Mayoral) 2019(General) 2021(Local) 2022(Local) Books Friends,Voters,Countrymen(2002) Seventy-TwoVirgins(2004) TheDreamofRome(2006) TheChurchillFactor(2014) Publicimage Greasedpiglet Culturaldepictions Headcases(2008TVseries) WhenBorisMetDave(2009) Brexit:TheUncivilWar(2019) SpittingImage(2020TVseries) Family AllegraMostyn-Owen(firstwife) MarinaWheeler(secondwife) CarrieJohnson(thirdwife) LaraJohnson-Wheeler(daughter) StanleyJohnson(father) CharlotteFawcett(mother) RachelJohnson(sister) JoJohnson(brother) EdmundFawcett(uncle) JamesFawcett(grandfather) AliKemal(great-grandfather) EliasAveryLowe(great-grandfather) H.T.Lowe-Porter(great-grandmother) ← TheresaMay LizTruss → ← KenLivingstone SadiqKhan → Officesanddistinctions Mediaoffices Preceded byFrankJohnson EditorofTheSpectator1999–2005 Succeeded byMatthewd'Ancona ParliamentoftheUnitedKingdom Preceded byMichaelHeseltine MemberofParliamentforHenley2001–2008 Succeeded byJohnHowell Preceded byJohnRandall MemberofParliamentforUxbridgeandSouthRuislip2015–present Incumbent Politicaloffices Preceded byKenLivingstone MayorofLondon2008–2016 Succeeded bySadiqKhan Preceded byPhilipHammond SecretaryofStateforForeignandCommonwealthAffairs2016–2018 Succeeded byJeremyHunt Preceded byTheresaMay PrimeMinisteroftheUnitedKingdom2019–2022 Succeeded byLizTruss Partypoliticaloffices Preceded byTheresaMay LeaderoftheConservativeParty2019–2022 Succeeded byLizTruss Diplomaticposts Preceded byDonaldTrump(planned) ChairoftheGroupofSeven2021 Incumbent OrdersofprecedenceintheUnitedKingdom Preceded byAlunCairnsasPrivyCounsellor GentlemenPrivyCounsellor Succeeded byDavidGaukeasPrivyCounsellor ArticlesrelatedtoBorisJohnson vtePrimeMinistersoftheUnitedKingdom(list) GreatBritain Walpole(Orford) Wilmington Pelham Newcastle Devonshire Newcastle Bute G.Grenville Rockingham Chatham(PitttheElder) Grafton North Rockingham Shelburne Portland PitttheYounger  UnitedKingdom PitttheYounger Addington PitttheYounger LordGrenville Portland Perceval Liverpool Canning Goderich Wellington Grey Melbourne Wellington Peel Melbourne Peel 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SecondJohnsonCabinet(December2019–September2022)CabinetmembersBorisJohnson SteveBarclay RobertBuckland GregClark JamesCleverly ThérèseCoffey NadineDorries GeorgeEustice TheBaronessEvansofBowesPark AlisterJack KwasiKwarteng KitMalthouse PritiPatel DominicRaab JacobRees-Mogg GrantShapps AlokSharma Anne-MarieTrevelyan LizTruss ShaileshVara BenWallace NadhimZahawiAlsoattendmeetings NigelAdams SuellaBraverman SimonClarke MichaelEllis ChrisHeaton-Harris JohnnyMercer MarkSpencer AndrewStephenson Departures JakeBerry GeoffreyCox MichelleDonelan OliverDowden TheLordFrost MichaelGove MattHancock SimonHart SajidJavid RobertJenrick AndreaLeadsom BrandonLewis AmandaMilling EstherMcVey TheBaronessMorganofCotes JulianSmith RishiSunak TheresaVilliers GavinWilliamson vteChairs-in-OfficeoftheCommonwealthofNations Mbeki Howard Obasanjo Gonzi Museveni Manning/Persad-Bissessar Gillard/Rudd/Abbott Rajapaksa/Sirisena Muscat May/Johnson vteMayorsofLondon KenLivingstone(2000–2008) BorisJohnson(2008–2016) 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