港大教授:廣東話正面臨很大威脅

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走進大樓繚繞的走廊,拐了幾個彎,才到達香港大學語言學系教授Stephen Matthews(馬詩帆)的房間。

Stephen年輕讀博士時為了追求太太而學習廣東話 ... ClosethiscontentReadfullarticleAugust2,2018,4:28PM走進大樓繚繞的走廊,拐了幾個彎,才到達香港大學語言學系教授StephenMatthews(馬詩帆)的房間。

Stephen年輕讀博士時為了追求太太而學習廣東話,1990年來到香港,在香港大學工作至現在,研究中文,廣東話雖尚有口音,但已非常流利。

門半開著,敲敲門,Stephen馬上起身迎接。

房間一貫學者風格,書本、文件散落地上,很亂,但亂中有序,他靦腆地點一點頭,便用廣東話談起廣東話來了。

語言(language)VS方言(dialect)廣東話到底是語言還是方言已爭論甚久,Stephen指出,這視乎從西方還是中國的角度去觀看:「兩者分辨方法很不同,西方會用互相可懂度(mutualintelligibility)的概念來區分,即兩者能否互相溝通,我說廣東話,你說普通話,雙方能否互相明白呢?明白就是方言,不明白就是語言。

經驗告訴我,廣東話是一種語言,剛剛有學生從英國回來,他跟我說,明明他在講廣東話,但中國人卻以為他在說泰文,對方不單聽不懂,而且連是否在講中文也不能分辨,這樣就是完全沒有可懂度了。

不過可能現在我們聽慣了普通話,不太察覺這現象,在90年代的界線就比較清晰。

或許我再用一個比較簡單明顯的例子吧,說廣東話及潮州話的人是完全不明白對方的,兩者無論聲調、詞彙,還是語法都完全不同,所以就是兩種語言了。

」「當然,這跟中國的看法不同,他們認為潮州人和廣東人都住廣東省,生活習慣和文化都相似,重點在於兩者對書面語都理解(sharedcommonwrittenlanguage),所以兩者都是方言。

不過我的經驗是廣東話跟普通話沒有這種共同書面語的,大家寫出來的中文都不同。

」這時他拿起小說《男人唔可以窮》,指著說:「你看看裡面的字:『嘅』、『啲』、『唔係』這些字普通話是沒有的,我拿過香港雜誌給中國人看,他們是完全不懂的,不是因為繁體字的關係,而是裡面的字跟書面語根本沒有可懂度,廣東話約有三成的字是普通話沒有的。

」廣東話消失伴隨的文化也相對消失廣東歌、香港電影、粵劇都因為廣東話而各有特色,要是廣東話消失,這些文化都會一併消散:「沒有廣東話,就沒有廣東歌,粵劇也是。

廣東歌之所以好聽是因為詞彙聲調與旋律關係密切,兩者有對應(correspondence),如果用普通話唱就是兩回事了。

」他隨手拿起一份相關論文,指著當中的例子說:「粵語歌很著重『啱唔啱音』,歌曲如完結在高音調的字如『三』、『身』等字,歌曲就不算完整,最好完結在第三聲,如『愛』;第五聲,如『我』等等。

詞和旋律配合得好就會好聽。

要是失去了廣東話,失去了聲調和旋律的和諧,所有歌曲都會變成『唔啱音』。

」Stephen又拿起一大疊廣東話小說:「廣東話也有文學,遠至《小男人週記》,近至《男人唔可以窮》;話劇《香港式離婚》的對白本也是用廣東話寫的。

如果失去廣東話,這一切都失去了。

」「當然,要完全失去,整個過程需時幾代才能完成。

然而照我看來,整個過程已經開始了。

你會發現,有些父母說廣東話,但他們的小朋友是不說的;又有些小朋友是本身說廣東話的,但後來就不說了;甚至有些學校是禁止講廣東話的。

到這階段,我會認為廣東話已經面臨很大威脅,而且難以挽回。

」「吃貨」與「小三」坊間不少人討論一些中國用字在香港大行其道,如「吃貨」、「小三」等,Stephen表示:「這方面我沒太大研究,但照表面看來,其實人們也是在說廣東話,只是借了外來字,就像廣東話本身都借了很多英文字一樣,如巴士(bus)、的士(taxi)等,每種語言都會借外來字來用,這是很自然的事。

不過我也發現不少人聽到這些新字都較敏感而反對,可能他們都覺得有一種大陸化(mainlandisation)的感覺吧!對我來說,這沒有文化侵略般嚴重,但如果本地人很介意的話就要自己注意點了。

不過這種被本地人討厭的現象實在值得研究,足以成為一篇論文題目呢!」政府從沒保護廣東話無論殖民還是後殖民時代,Stephen認為兩個政府都當廣東話「冇到」,不支持廣東話:「最近期是林鄭被問到其母語是什麼時,這樣簡單的問題她竟然不回答,這令我們很失望。

不過當年英國政府也令我很失望,幾乎沒有做過什麼去保護廣東話。

」「坊間只得極少廣東話字典,第一部有關廣東話的字典要到70年代才有,由SidneyLau編寫的《IntermediateCantonese》和《APracticalCantonese-EnglishDictionary》,書本專門教公務員講廣東話,但除此以外就幾乎沒有了;市面也沒有教語法的書,所以我和太太就出版了《廣東話語法》,就算到現在,政府保護廣東話的工作都實在非常少。

」的確,看看普教中還是粵教中的問題就知了,Stephen有點氣憤道:「我不認為政府有做過任何研究,又或者他們做過,只是不出版而已,我猜因為看不到自���想要的結果吧?政府就是這樣,不只是語言問題,很多時候做決定都不會看研究報告,往往決定行先,不合心意的報告就不聽,這都是我不滿意這政府的原因。

不過無論如何,就算最後決定全港要普教中,也絕不能禁止學生說廣東話,禁止他們說母語肯定是錯的。

」Storycontinues「不過近年民間越來越多人重視和提倡廣東話,我認為是一件好事,像Bensir,他是我太太的學生;還有劉擇明先生創辦的《粵典》,是一本網上粵語字典,當中所有解釋都用廣東話,這都是很大的貢獻。

」說來也是,因自己母語是廣東話,便覺得毋須好好保護,沒想過原來這語言都會有慢慢消失的一天。

訪問期間,Stephen貫徹學者風格,不斷強調著重實質理據,又隨時隨地在書櫃拿出書本,將廣東話的生動之處娓娓道來。

一位外國學者尚可為廣東話鑽研至此,一些香港人卻不斷嫌棄、貶低自身母語,這現象,很是諷刺。

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