Pop music - New World Encyclopedia

Pop music, often called simply pop, is contemporary music and a common type of popular music (distinguished from classical or art music and from folk music. Articles About Citethispage Feedback Popmusic FromNewWorldEncyclopediaJumpto:navigation,search Previous(PopWarner)Next(PopeAdrianVI)MichaelJacksonhasbeenknownatthe"KingofPop"sincethe1980s Popmusic,oftencalledsimplypop,iscontemporarymusicandacommontypeofpopularmusic(distinguishedfromclassicalorartmusicandfromfolkmusic.Thetermdoesnotreferspecificallytoasinglegenreorsound,anditsmeaningisdifferentdependingonthetimeandplace.Withinpopularmusic,"popmusic"isoftendistinguishedfromothersubgenresbystylistictraitssuchasadanceablerhythmorbeat,simplemelodiesandarepeatingstructurewhicharereminiscentofthesongsofvocalistssuchasKarenCarpenterandRobertaFlack.Popsonglyricsareoftenemotional,relatingtoloveordancing. Popmusicmayincludeelementsofrock,hiphop,reggae,dance,R&B,jazz,electronic,andsometimesfolkmusicandvariousotherstyles.Forexample,inthe1920s–1950spopmusicdrewinfluencemainlyfromjazz,beginninginthe1950sfromrockandrhythmandblues(R&B),andsincethe1980s,fromhiphop.Thebroadappealofpopmusicisseentodistinguishitfrommorespecifictypesofpopularmusic,andpopmusicperformersandrecordingsareamongthebest-sellingandmostwidelyknowninmanyregionsoftheworld. Contents 1Songwriting,recordinganddistributionformats 2Soundandthemes 3Videosandperformances 4Demographicsofpopmusic 5HistoryofPopMusic 5.11890sthrough1920s 5.21930sand1940s 5.31950s 5.41960s 5.51970s 5.61980s 5.71990s 5.82000s 6Criticismofpopmusic 7Notes 8References 9Credits Todaydistributedbymajorrecordcompaniesaspartofaglobalmusicmarket,popmusicofteninvolvesmassmarketingthroughradio,televisionandothermedia,makingitapartofmanypeople'sdailylife.Assuch,ithasalsofacedcriticism. Songwriting,recordinganddistributionformats Apopsongmaybewrittenbyaprofessionalsongwriterorcomposerwhoseworkisthengiventoaprofessionalsinger,oritmaybewrittenbythesingerwhoperformsit.SincethesuccessofTheBeatlesinthe1960s,ithasbecomeincreasinglycommonforpopmusicperformerstowritetheirownsongs.However,manypopsongsarenotwrittenbytheperformers.Popstandards(songsthathaveachievedfameintheirownrightandareperformedbymanydifferentsingers)andcoverversions(recordingsthatare"covered"byalaterperformer)arealsocommon. Whenthesingerandthewriterofasongaredifferentpeople,itisthesingerwhoisconsideredthe"popstar,"withthewriterworkingbehindthescenes.Popstarshavesometimesbeencriticizedfornotwriting—orinsomecases,evensinging—theirownmaterialbyfansofgenreswheresuchapracticeisusual(suchasrockbands,rapMCs,orsingersongwriters).Ontheotherhand,popsingershavesometimesbeencriticizedforalackofartistictrainingandtechniquebylistenersofclassicalmusic—whereperformersusuallyinterpretmusicwrittenbyothers. Thedevelopmentofrecordingmethodsisseenasamajorinfluenceonthesoundofpop,distinguishingitfromclassicalmusicandjazz,aswellasfromsometypesofpopularmusicwhichmayseekamore"natural"sound.Popmusicperformerstypicallymakeuseofstate-of-the-arttechnologyandrecordingstudiostoachievethesoundtheywant,andrecordproducersmayhaveaheavyinfluence. Intherecordedmusicera,thesingle(asinglesong)andthealbum(acollectionofsongs)aretheusualmethodsofdistributingpopmusic.Ithasbeendistributedinmanyformatsincludedvinylrecords,cassettetapes,compactdiscs,andInternetdownloads. Soundandthemes Didyouknow?Popmusicisgenerallyunderstoodtobecommerciallyrecordedmusicwiththegoalofhavingmassaudienceappeal,withtheresultthatitsstylechangessignificantlydependingonthetimeandplace Popmusicgenerallyusesasimple,memorablemelody,andemphasizestherhythm,oftenwithsyncopation,andstrippeddowntoabasicrifforloopwhichrepeatsthroughoutmuchofthesong.Popsongsusuallyhaveaverseandachorus,eachwithdifferentmusicalmaterial,wellasabridgeconnectingtheminmanycases. ThevocalstylefoundinmuchpopmusichasbeenheavilyinfluencedbyAfricanAmericanmusicaltraditionssuchasrhythmandblues(R&B),soulmusic,andgospel.Therhythmsandthesoundofpopmusichavebeenheavilyinfluencedbyswingjazz,rockandroll,reggae,funk,disco,andmorerecentlybyhiphop. Thesongsareoftenaboutlove,oraboutdancing.Manypopsongsarealsoself-referential,talkingabouttheperformerandreferencingtheirownperformanceofthesong. Videosandperformances Musicvideosandliveperformancesareoftenusedforexposureinthemedia,andartistsmayhaveextravagantstageshowsandusechoreographeddancing.Musicvideosareoftenreleasedaftertheoriginalsingle,toencouragethatboththevideoandthesongbebought."Image"isusuallyconsideredanimportantaspectofpopmusic,andthepublicpresentationofitsperformersthroughvideosandinterviewshasbeenresponsibleforbothpraiseandcriticismofpopmusic. Demographicsofpopmusic FrankSinatra. Asrecords,CDsandDVDsbecamecheaper,theageoftheaverageconsumerofpopmusicdroppeddramatically.Intheearlyyearsofrecordings,artistslikeFrankSinatrasangaboutloveaffairs,champagne,andnightclubs;lyricsthatappealedtoinvestors,business,and"classy"market.Asrecordsbecamecheaper,teenagerswereabletoinfluencethemarket,especiallyduringthepromotionoftheworldwideBeatlestours.Inrecentyears,childrenhavebecomeoneofthelargestmusicmarkets,reducingtheageoftheaverageconsumerofpopmusicdrastically. Youngpeoplehavealwaysbeeninterestedinfashion,andspendtheirmoneyonnewartists.Whereasthepreviousgenerationtendstokeeptotheirfavoriteartists,youngpeopleconformmoretopeer-pressure.Thisconformingcreateswavesofcommercialsupportforparticularartists,andestablishespopmusicasanimportantmediatorofyouthculture.Becauseofthis,popmusichashistoricallybeenthesourceofnumerousmoralpanics;parentsviewingexplicitandsuggestivelyricsasgatewaystoimmoralityandblamingpopmusicforperceivedincreasesinobjectionablebehaviorwithinyouthculture. HistoryofPopMusic 1890sthrough1920s ThedancemusicelementofwesternpopmusiccanbetracedbacktoRagtime,whichwasinitiallypopularinAfricanAmericancommunities,andmainlydisseminatedthroughsheetmusicandplayerpianos.RagtimeturnedintoSwing,anearlyformofJazzthatwasenjoyedasmuchforitsdanceabilityasitsmutability.Itisimportanttonotethattheclarityoftheinstruments(brassinparticular)andpunchynatureoftherhythmhelpedtoensurethatthesemusicformswerethefirsttoberecordedandpressedontoprimitiverecorddiscs.BothofthesedanceformsoriginatedinAfricanAmericancommunities,andspreadtowhitecommunitiesespeciallythroughvenuesthatwouldhireblackperformers.EvenearlyJazzinPariswasinfluencedbyBlackandWhiteMinstrelsperformingragtimemusic. LikeRock’n’Roll,widespreadpopularityinwhitecommunitiestosomeextentdidnottakeoffuntilwhiteperformerscouldbefoundtoperformit,andcertainstylisticelementsofittoneddown.Thecrossingofrace-basedsocialboundariesaroundrace,forragtime,swing,andlaterRock’n’Roll,wasthesourceofmanymoralpanicsinAmericainspiredbypopmusic. 1930sand1940s StylesinfluencingthelaterdevelopmentofpopincludetheBlues,alsooriginatinginAfrican-Americancommunities(forexample:electricguitarBluesinChicagoandTexas),andCountrycomingalsofrom"hillbillymusic"ofpoorfolk,whiteandblack(SunRecordsinTennessee),whichblendedtobecomeRockabilly.ThemostimportantingredientinearlyRockn'Rollwas,however,thetypeofJumpBlues/R&BledbyLouisJordanwhooccasionallybrokethroughintothepopcharts.Themusiclateronwasmixedwithgospelhandclaps,boogiewoogieandlargeremphasisonbackbeat,byartistssuchasTheTreniers,whichcreatedRock'n'Roll. Theriseofthecryingandemotionalsingersinthelate1940s,suchasMarioLanza,beganthepopmusicvocalstyle. 1950s ElvisPresleyin1957 EarlyWesternPopmusicartistsincludeTommySteele,MartyWilde,BingCrosby,FrankSinatra,DeanMartin,BobbyDarin,BobbejaanSchoepen,andPeggyLee,butotherartistslikeBillHaleyandhisComets,Platters,FatsDomino,andElvisPresleybecamepopularwiththeyoungergeneration.InAustraliatherewasJohnnyO'Keefe,ColJoy,andBobbyDarin.ItaliansingerssuchasMarioLanzasangtunespeoplecouldidentifyandsingalongto. InIran,beforetheemergenceintheearly1950sofVigenDerderian(knownasthe"SultanofPop"),themusicindustrywasdominatedbyPersianclassicalsingers.VigancombinedPersianmelodiesandPersianlyricswithGuitar.ComparedbysomefanstoElvisPresley,hisgoodlooksandtall,finephysiqueaddedtohisappealasIran'sfirstmalepopstar—especiallyamongwomenatatimewhenideasofemancipationweretakingholdinthe1950sand1960s.[1] LaïkówasthepopmusicofGreeceinthe1950sand1960s.LaïkóissimilartoTurkishfantasymusic.Itwascriticizedfromallquartersforitsapoliticismanddecadence,anditsTurkishroots.TheinfluenceofOrientalmusiconLaïkócanbemoststronglyseenin1960sindoyíftika,Indianfilmi(popularmusicformovies)withGreeklyrics.ManolisAngelopouloswasthemostpopularindoyíftikaperformer,whilepurelaïkówasdominatedbysuperstarSteliosKazantzidisandStratosDionisiou. Fairuzfacesheraudienceforthefirsttimeduringtheshow"AyyamAlHassad"(DaysofHarvest)whereshesang"LebnanYaAkhdarHelou"(LebanontheBeautifulGreen)inBaalbeck. 1960s RayCharles. BobDylan. WesternPopmusicteenidolsofthe1960sincludedtheBeatles,TheBeachBoys,CliffRichard,SandyShaw,TheWho,Lulu,TheSmallFaces,GenePitney,andTheShadows.Otherpopmusiciansincluded,NeilDiamond,theBeeGees,ElvisPresley,BurtBacharach,CatStevens,ArethaFranklin,IsleyBrothers,RayCharles,StevieWonder,TheSupremes,MarvinGaye,BobDylan,SimonandGarfunkel,andsomeofTheBeatles'repertoire.The1960salsosawthefirstemergenceofwhatwaslatercoinedasbeingboybandswiththemostfamousfromthiserabeingTheMonkees. In1960sIran'smostfamousfemalepopsingerever,Googoosh,foundreputationbytakingpartinvariousinternationalmusicfestivals.ShewonthefirstprizeandgoldenrecordforherFrenchnumbers,"Retourdelavie"and"J'entendscrierJet'aime,"attheCannesFestivalin1971.Herrecordingof12songsinItalianandSpanishfortheSanremoMusicFestivalin1973becameanovernightsuccess.ShealsowonfirstprizeattheCarthageMusicFestivalin1972andwashonoredwiththefirstmedalofartsofTunisiainthesameyear.HerSpanishsongtitled"DesdeHaciesTiempo"wasanimmediatehitinSouthAmericain1973. In1962,thefirstWesternpopularmelodywithTurkishlyricswasreleased,İlhamGencer's"BakBirVarmışBirYokmuş"(LookOnceUponATime)[2] 1970s RodStewart. Supertramp. DavidBowie. AproliferationofnewsoundsfromthediscoeraincludedthevocaloverdubbedharmoniesoftheCarpentersandKarenCarpenter,ABBA,DonnaSummer,theBeeGees,thepiano-basedpopofBillyJoelandEltonJohn,thecountrystylingsoftheEaglesandtherock-influencedpopofRodStewart,SteelyDanandFleetwoodMac.OtherimportantpopmusiciansincludePinkFloyd,TheRollingStones,DavidBowie,LedZeppelin,Supertramp,Styx,DeepPurple,Genesis,NeilYoung,BarryManilow,RexSmith,CatStevens,CaroleKing,JacksonFive,TheMiracles,ElvisPresley,NeilDiamond,KennyRogers,RobertaFlack,CarlySimon,Cher,StevieWonder,JohnDenver,Earth,WindandFire,KCandtheSunshineBandandIreneCara.AustralianJohnFarnhamandOliviaNewton-John(fameofGreasetheMusical)commandedbigsalesintheirhomemarket,withcrossoverintotheUKandforOliviaNewton-John,alsoUS. Arabesque-popstartinginthe1970s,immigrationfrompredominantlysouth-easternruralareastobigcitiesandparticularlytoIstanbulgaverisetoanewculturalsynthesis.ThemakeupofIstanbulwastochangeforever.Theoldtavernsandmusichallsoffasılmusicweretoshutdowninplaceofanewtypeofmusic.[3]Thesenewurbanresidentsbroughttheirowntasteofmusic,whichduetotheirlocalitywaslargelyMiddleEastern.MusicologistsderogativelytermedthisgenreasarabesqueduetothehighpitchedwailingthatissynonymouswithArabicsinging.Itsmainstreampopularityrosesomuchinthe1980sthatiteventhreatenedtheexistenceofTurkishpop,withrisingstarssuchasMuslumGurses. ThisgenrehasunderbeatformsthatincludeOttomanformsofbelly-dancingmusicwithperformerslikeOrhanGencebaywhoaddedAnglo-Americanrockandrolltoarabesquemusic. InTurkey,(lightwestern)popbecameverypopularinthe1970swithstarssuchasSemihaYanki,KamuranAkkor,AylaDikmen,ErolBüyükburç,FikretŞeneş,GönülAkkor,Hümeyra,İlhanİrem,NerminCandan,AsuMaralman,YurdaerDoğulu,Zümrüt,SezenAksu,NazanÖncelandAjdaPekkanreachingsuperstarstatusdomestically. Duringthe1970sinBritain,NewWaveandPunkbroughtbandslikeSiouxsieandtheBanshees,IanDury,ElvisCostello,ThePoliceandTheStranglersintothepopcharts.AmodrevivalspearheadedbyTheJamandMadnessfollowedandopenedthewayforTheSpecials,UB40andDexysMidnightRunners. 1980s MichaelJackson. AnnieLennoxofEurythmics. CyndiLauper. StevieWonder. Notablehighlightsforpopmusicinthe1980sareMichaelJackson'ssecondEpiclabelreleaseThriller,whichwentontobecomethebest-sellingalbumofalltime.Jacksonwasthemostsuccessfulartistofthe1980s,spanningnine#1singlesintheUnitedStatesaloneduringthatdecade,andsellingover133millioncopieswithonlytwoalbums—Thriller,anditsfollow-upBad.Sincetheearlynineties,Jacksonhasbeenoftenreferredtoandregardedasthe"KingofPop."Anotherdominantartistinthe1980swasMadonna.Billboardnamedherthetopfemaleactofthedecade(andshewasthesecondplaceactoverallcominginbehindMichaelJackson).Hersuccessinthe1980swith#1hitssuchas"LikeaVirgin,""PapaDon'tPreach,"and"LikeaPrayer"ledtohereventualtitleasQueenofPopandtoherbeingawardedbyMTVasArtistoftheDecade.Princealsomadeapopularimpactinthe1980s,andhewasparticularlyadoredbymusiccritics.AlargenumberofhisalbumsandsinglestoppedorheldprominentpositionsontheyearlyVillageVoice"PazzandJop"Pollincludingalbums1999,PurpleRain,andSign"o"theTimes.[4]Songslike"WhenDovesCry"and"UGottheLook"werehitsforPrince,asweresongshepennedforotherssuchas"ManicMonday"(performedbytheBangles)or"IFeelforYou"(performedbyChakaKahn).Othertop-sellingartistsincludedCher,KimWilde,GloriaEstefan,PaulaAbdul,TinaTurner,Tiffany,KylieMinogue,JanetJackson,OliviaNewton-John,DuranDuran,TheGo-Gos,HueyLewis&TheNews,KatrinaandtheWaves,ThePolice,KennyRogers,JamesIngram,LionelRichie,StevieWonder,BillyJoel,TearsforFears,RexSmith,CyndiLauper,ThompsonTwins,DebbieGibson,a-ha,WhitneyHouston,JuiceNewton,RichardMarx,PhilCollins,AirSupply,LauraBranigan,TalkingHeads,Eurythmics,TheBangles,Hall&Oates,DavidSlater,KennyLoggins,KennyRankin,GeorgeMichael(andWham),RickSpringfield,U2,DefLeppard,AC/DC,andCultureClub.Thelate1980ssawtheriseoftheSwedishpopduoRoxette. Popmusicinthe1980swasheavilyinfluencedbyanelectronicsoundwithsynthesizersanddrummachines,anddance-typemusic.Nowinthepresentthe1980sisviewedashavingmanyone-hitwonders(althoughthe1990shavejustasmany),andthestyleandfashionsenseand"look"inthemusicvideoshasbeeninfluencedandhasbeenbroughtbackinpresentclothesandstyle. 1990s Amongthemostsuccessfulpopactsofthe1990swereR&B-influencedpopactssuchasMariahCarey,Destiny'sChild,BoyzIIMen,MichaelJackson,JanetJackson,EnVogue,SaltNPepa,MCHammer,C&CMusicFactory,Brandy,andTLC.Non-R&BartistssuchasU2,Cher,MichaelBolton,BryanAdams,EltonJohn,AlanisMorissette,GeorgeMichael,Madonna,ShaniaTwain,BonJovi,Selena,AceofBase,CelineDion,Nádine,Aqua,SherylCrow,KimWilde,Jewelwerealsophenomenallysuccessfulduringthatdecade. The1990sandtwenty-firstcenturyweremarkedbyaresurgenceofboybandandgirlgrouptrends.TheU.S.hadNewEdition,ColorMeBadd,NewKidsontheBlock(inthelate1980sandearly1990s),followedbytheBackstreetBoysoftenreferredtoas"thebest-sellingboyband"ofalltime,Hanson,*NSYNC,98DegreesandthehugepopgirlbandphenomenontheSpiceGirls,whoareoftencreditedbycriticsastherevivalofpopmusicintheUS.Towardstheturnofthemillennium,the"popprincesses"appearedsuchasBritneySpears,ChristinaAguilera,JessicaSimpson,MandyMoore,Robyn,andWillaFord.FromtheUKcamethelikesofTakeThat,Steps,andSClub7,whileAustraliahadKylieMinogueandSavageGarden.IrishboybandsduringthisperiodincludedBoyzoneandWestlife.1999sawtheriseoftheLatinpopexplosionwithRickyMartinattheforefront,followedbyJenniferLopez,Thalía,LuisMiguel,Shakira,EnriqueIglesias,PaulinaRubio,andMarcAnthony.Also,thereweremanypopbandsfromcontinentalEuropethatfoundtheirwaytotoppingworldwidecharts,suchasAqua(Denmark),a-ha(Norway),LosdelRío(Spain),andA*Teens(Sweden). The1990salsosawthebeginningsofasurgeofpopintotheAsianmarket,knownasJ-pop,asoriginatedfromJapan.UtadaHikaruandNamieAmuroeachsoldover50millionintheirrespectiveAsianmarkets. 2000s Inthe2000s,popmusicpavedthewayforthemulti-platinumsuccessesofartistslikeAnastacia,BackstreetBoys,BeyoncéKnowles,BlackEyedPeas,BritneySpears,ChristinaAguilera,Ciara,JessicaSimpson,AshleeSimpson,HilaryDuff,LindsayLohan,KellyClarkson,GwenStefani,Mya,JustinTimberlake,NellyFurtado,Shakira,NSync,PussycatDolls,andUsher.RobbieWilliamsrecordedthebiggestsalesforamaleartist,mostlyintheEuropeanmarket.In2002t.A.T.u.emergedfromRussiatohugesuccesswhichtheystillcontinuetohavetodayasthebestsellingRussianactofalltime. Thedivasofthe1990sartists,suchasMadonna,andMariahCareypresentedalbumsthatprolongedtheirruleofthemusiccharts.TheSwedishsuperstarCarolaHäggkvistcontinuedherruleofEuropeancharts.OthertrendsincludedTeenpopsingerssuchasDisneyChannelstarHilaryDuff.PoppunkactssuchasSimplePlanandFallOutBoyhavebecomeincreasinglypopular,aswellaspoprockactssuchasAshleeSimpsonandAvrilLavigneandemomusicsuchasHawthorneHeights,Lostprophets,andDashboardConfessional. ThepopularAmericanrealityprogramAmericanIdolproducedseveralsuccessfulPopartists,mostnotablyKellyClarkson,ClayAiken,KatharineMcPhee,ChrisDaughtry,andCarrieUnderwood,acountrypopartist. InLatinAmerica,multi-platinumpopgroupRBDhasachievedagreatcommercialsuccessbecomingthebest-sellingLatinactonthe2000s. Therewasalsoamajortrendwhichhascreatedmultipletiersofpopsingers,withonedesignedforpreteensandteenagers.Whilethisisnotnecessarilyanewdevelopment,itisseenbymanyasdetrimentaltomusicasawhole,asithasfurtheredthecompartmentalizationformusic.BesidesHilaryDuff,manyotherDisneyChannelactorshavebecomesingers.TheseartistsincludeteenidolsAshleyTisdaleandVanessaHudgens.OtherformerDisneyartistsincludeJesseMcCartney,MileyCyrus,andAlyandAJ. Intheearly2000s,"pure"popbegantomorphintoamoreblendedstyleofmusic.90spopstarssuchasBritneySpearsandChristinaAguileraexperiencedsomewhatdiminishedsales,andproceededtochangetheirimageandsoundtoamore"R&B"style,largelyduetothedominanceofurbanorhip-hopradiointheUnitedStates.AsR&Bandpopmusicblended,moreandmore"Pop/R&B"artistsemerged,suchasCiara,Rihanna,NellyFurtado,ChristinaMilian,MariahCarey,Ne-YoAkon,T-Pain,JustinTimberlake,andPussycatDolls. Towardthelate1990s,Koreanboybands,suchasH.O.T.,leadtopopularitywithKoreanmusic(K-pop).ThiswasduetothefactthatAsianmusicwasnowstartingtosoundmorewesternized.ThiseventuallyledtoareductioninpopularityofJ-Popinthe2000sandtheriseofK-popwithinAsianmarkets,leadingtothecraze,hallyu.ThehallyucrazehasdominatedtheAsianmarketssincetheearly2000s.WithKoreanartistssuchasBoA,Rain(Bi)andSE7EN,breakingrecordsandsalesthroughoutAsia,andhavingcapabilitiestosingnotonlyintheirnativetongue(Korean),butalsoJapaneseandChinese(Mandarindialect).ThisonlycontributedtothepopularityofK-pop,andhashelpeditstayontopthroughoutthe2000s.AspartoftheKoreanWave,hitsinglessuchas"GangnamStyle"byPSYachievedglobalsuccess.KoreanboybandssuchasBTSandgirlgroupssuchasBLACKPINKbecamesuccessfulworldwide. Criticismofpopmusic Popmusicisoftencriticizedforbeingoverlysimpleandrepetitive.Incontrasttootherformsofmusicthatrequireyearstomaster,itisoftenviewedaseasiertolearnandtoperformthanothergenres.Themusicianstendtoperformlessinliveconcertscomparedtoothergenres.Sophisticatedsoundstudioswhererecordingsaremadeareabletocreatemixesthatcannotbereproducedinliveperformances,whichleadsthesingersto"lipsync"thelyrics,ratherthantoactuallysingwhenperformingliveorontelevisionappearances.Thepracticeofusinglipsynchingtechnologyshiftsappealofvocalistsawayfromgenuineskilltoward"image."Popvocalistsoftendonotwritetheirownmusicorplayaninstrument,andtheintricacyofotherinstrumentsisoftentradedforsimplebackgroundchordsandsynthesizers.FollowingtheMTVmusicvideo"explosion"inthe1980s,popmusicbecamemoreimage-based,andmusiciansbecamelessfocusedonthemusicalaspectoftheirperformance.Popmusiciansoftenusesimplemusicaltechniques,refrainingfromcomplexsolosandusingoddtimesignatures,ascomparedtoclassicalmusic,jazz,androck. Notes ↑VigenDerderian:PopidolofamusicalrevolutioninIranTheGuardian,November25,2003.RetrievedNovember6,2020. ↑TranslationskindlyprovidedbyAliYildirim. ↑MartinStokes,"SoundsofAnatolia"intheRoughGuidetoWorldMusic,Volume1:Africa,Europe&TheMiddleEast,Secondreviseded.(RoughGuides,2001). ↑Pazz&Jop:Top10AlbumsByYear,1971-2017VillageVoice.RetrievedNovember6,2020. ReferencesISBNlinkssupportNWEthroughreferralfees Agay,Denes.BestlovedsongsoftheAmericanpeople.GardenCity,NY:Doubleday,1975.ISBN0385000049 Frith,Simon.TheCambridgeCompaniontoPopandRock.Cambridge,UK:CambridgeUniversityPress,2001.ISBN0521556600. Schoemer,Karen.Greatpretenders:mystrangeloveaffairwith'50spopmusic.NY:FreePress,2006.ISBN0743272463 Stambler,Irwin.Encyclopediaofpop,rockandsoul.NY:St.Martin'sPress,1989.ISBN0312025734 Stokes,Martin,"SoundsofAnatolia"inSimonBroughtonandMarkEllingham,TheRoughGuidetoWorldMusic,Volume1:Africa,Europe&TheMiddleEast,Secondreviseded.,RoughGuides,2001,ISBN1858286352 Credits NewWorldEncyclopediawritersandeditorsrewroteandcompletedtheWikipediaarticle inaccordancewithNewWorldEncyclopediastandards.ThisarticleabidesbytermsoftheCreativeCommonsCC-by-sa3.0License(CC-by-sa),whichmaybeusedanddisseminatedwithproperattribution.CreditisdueunderthetermsofthislicensethatcanreferenceboththeNewWorldEncyclopediacontributorsandtheselflessvolunteercontributorsoftheWikimediaFoundation.Tocitethisarticleclickhereforalistofacceptablecitingformats.Thehistoryofearliercontributionsbywikipediansisaccessibletoresearchershere: Popmusic history ThehistoryofthisarticlesinceitwasimportedtoNewWorldEncyclopedia: Historyof"Popmusic" Note:Somerestrictionsmayapplytouseofindividualimageswhichareseparatelylicensed. 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