Jealousy - Wikipedia

Jealousy generally refers to the thoughts or feelings of insecurity, fear, and concern over a relative lack of possessions or safety. Jealousy FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Emotion "Green-EyedMonster"redirectshere.Forotheruses,seeGreen-EyedMonster(disambiguation),Jealousy(disambiguation),andJealous(disambiguation). Relationships(Outline) Types Geneticoradoptive Kinship Family Parent father mother Grandparent Sibling Cousin Bymarriage Spouse Husband Wife Openmarriage Polygamy Polyandry Polygyny Groupmarriage Mixed-orientation Partner(s) Significantother Boyfriend Girlfriend Cohabitation Same-sex Lifepartner Friendship (romantic/cross-sex/zone) Intimateandsexual Casual Monogamy Non-monogamy Mutualmonogamy Polyamory Polyfidelity Cicisbeo Concubinage Courtesan Mistress Activities Bonding Courtship Dating Engagement Bachelor'sDay Mating Meetmarket Romance Singlesevent Wedding Endings Breakup Legal/maritalseparation Annulment Divorce Widowhood Emotionsandfeelings Affinity Attachment Intimacy Jealousy Limerence Love Platonic Unconditional Passion Sexuality Practices Brideprice dower dowry service Hypergamy Infidelity Sexualactivity Transgression Repression Abuse Child Dating Domestic Elderly Narcissisticparent Powerandcontrol Stalking vte PartofaseriesonEmotions Affect Classification Inanimals Emotionalintelligence Mood Regulation Interpersonal Dysregulation Valence Emotions Acceptance Admiration Affection Amusement Anger Angst Anguish Annoyance Anticipation Anxiety Apathy Arousal Awe Boredom Confidence Confusion Contempt Contentment Courage Curiosity Depression Desire Disappointment Disgust Distrust Doubt Ecstasy Elevation Embarrassment Empathy Enthusiasm Envy Euphoria Faith Fear Frustration Gratification Gratitude Greed Grief Guilt Happiness Hatred Hope Horror Hostility Humiliation Interest Jealousy Joy Kindness Loneliness Love Lust Nostalgia Outrage Panic Passion Pity Pleasure Pride Rage Regret Rejection Relief Remorse Resentment Sadness Saudade Schadenfreude Self-pity Shame Shock Shyness Socialconnection Sorrow Suffering Surprise Suspicion Trust Wonder Worry vte Jealousygenerallyreferstothethoughtsorfeelingsofinsecurity,fear,andconcernoverarelativelackofpossessionsorsafety. Jealousycanconsistofoneormoreemotionssuchasanger,resentment,inadequacy,helplessnessordisgust.Initsoriginalmeaning,jealousyisdistinctfromenvy,thoughthetwotermshavepopularlybecomesynonymousintheEnglishlanguage,withjealousynowalsotakingonthedefinitionoriginallyusedforenvyalone.Thesetwoemotionsareoftenconfusedwitheachother,sincetheytendtoappearinthesamesituation.[1] Jealousyisatypicalexperienceinhumanrelationships,andithasbeenobservedininfantsasyoungasfivemonths.[2][3][4][5]Someresearchersclaimthatjealousyisseeninallculturesandisauniversaltrait.[6][7][8]However,othersclaimjealousyisaculture-specificemotion.[9] Jealousycaneitherbesuspiciousorreactive,[10]anditisoftenreinforcedasaseriesofparticularlystrongemotionsandconstructedasauniversalhumanexperience.Psychologistshaveproposedseveralmodelstostudytheprocessesunderlyingjealousyandhaveidentifiedfactorsthatresultinjealousy.[11]Sociologistshavedemonstratedthatculturalbeliefsandvaluesplayanimportantroleindeterminingwhattriggersjealousyandwhatconstitutessociallyacceptableexpressionsofjealousy.[12]Biologistshaveidentifiedfactorsthatmayunconsciouslyinfluencetheexpressionofjealousy.[13] Throughouthistory,artistshavealsoexploredthethemeofjealousyinpaintings,films,songs,plays,poems,andbooks,andtheologianshaveofferedreligiousviewsofjealousybasedonthescripturesoftheirrespectivefaiths. Contents 1Etymology 2Theories 2.1Scientificdefinitions 2.1.1Comparisonwithenvy 2.2Inpsychology 2.3Insociology 3Romanticjealousy 3.1Communicativeresponses 4Sexualjealousy 5Contemporaryviewsongender-baseddifferences 6Inanimals 7Applications 7.1Infiction,film,andart 7.2Inreligion 7.3Crossculture 8Seealso 9References 10Notes 11Furtherreading 12Externallinks Etymology[edit] ThewordstemsfromtheFrenchjalousie,formedfromjaloux(jealous),andfurtherfromLowLatinzelosus(fullofzeal),inturnfromtheGreekwordζήλος(zēlos),sometimes"jealousy",butmoreofteninapositivesense"emulation,ardour,zeal"[14][15] (witharootconnoting"toboil,ferment";or"yeast").The"biblicallanguage"zealwouldbeknownas"toleratingnounfaithfulness"whileinmiddleEnglishzealousisgood.[16]Oneoriginwordgelusmeant"Possessiveandsuspicious"thewordthenturnedintojelus.[16] SinceWilliamShakespeare'suseoftermslike"green-eyedmonster",[17]thecolorgreenhasbeenassociatedwithjealousyandenvy,fromwhichtheexpression"greenwithenvy",isderived. Theories[edit] Scientificdefinitions[edit] Jealousy(1927),LászlóMoholy-Nagy Peopledonotexpressjealousythroughasingleemotionorasinglebehavior.[18][19][20] Theyinsteadexpressjealousythroughdiverseemotionsandbehaviors,whichmakesitdifficulttoformascientificdefinitionofjealousy.Scientistsinsteaddefineitintheirownwords,asillustratedbythefollowingexamples: "Romanticjealousyisheredefinedasacomplexofthoughts,feelings,andactionswhichfollowthreatstoself-esteemand/orthreatstotheexistenceorqualityoftherelationship,whenthosethreatsaregeneratedbytheperceptionofpotentialattractionbetweenone'spartneranda(perhapsimaginary)rival."[21] "Jealousy,then,isanyaversivereactionthatoccursastheresultofapartner'sextradyadicrelationshipthatisconsideredlikelytooccur."[22] "Jealousyisconceptualizedasacognitive,emotional,andbehavioralresponsetoarelationshipthreat.Inthecaseofsexualjealousy,thisthreatemanatesfromknowingorsuspectingthatone'spartnerhashad(ordesirestohave)sexualactivitywithathirdparty.Inthecaseofemotionaljealousy,anindividualfeelsthreatenedbyherorhispartner'semotionalinvolvementwithand/orloveforathirdparty."[23] "Jealousyisdefinedasadefensivereactiontoaperceivedthreattoavaluedrelationship,arisingfromasituationinwhichthepartner'sinvolvementwithanactivityand/oranotherpersoniscontrarytothejealousperson'sdefinitionoftheirrelationship."[24] "Jealousyistriggeredbythethreatofseparationfrom,orlossof,aromanticpartner,whenthatthreatisattributedtothepossibilityofthepartner'sromanticinterestinanotherperson."[25] Thesedefinitionsofjealousysharetwobasicthemes.First,allthedefinitionsimplyatriadcomposedofajealousindividual,apartner,andaperceptionofathirdpartyorrival.Second,allthedefinitionsdescribejealousyasareactiontoaperceivedthreattotherelationshipbetweentwopeople,oradyad.Jealousreactionstypicallyinvolveaversiveemotionsand/orbehaviorsthatareassumedtobeprotectivefortheirattachmentrelationships.Thesethemesformtheessentialmeaningofjealousyinmostscientificstudies. Comparisonwithenvy[edit] Popularcultureusesthewordjealousyasasynonymforenvy.Manydictionarydefinitionsincludeareferencetoenvyorenviousfeelings.Infact,theoverlappinguseofjealousyandenvyhasalonghistory. Thetermsareusedindiscriminatelyinsuchpopular'feelgood'booksasNancyFriday'sJealousy,wheretheexpression'jealousy'appliestoabroadrangeofpassions,fromenvytolustandgreed.Whilethiskindofusageblurstheboundariesbetweencategoriesthatareintellectuallyvaluableandpsychologicallyjustifiable,suchconfusionisunderstandableinthathistoricalexplorationsofthetermindicatethattheseboundarieshavelongposedproblems.MargotGrzywacz'sfascinatingetymologicalsurveyofthewordinRomanceandGermaniclanguages[26]asserts,indeed,thattheconceptwasoneofthosethatprovedtobethemostdifficulttoexpressinlanguageandwasthereforeamongthelasttofindanunambiguousterm.ClassicalLatinusedinvidia,withoutstrictlydifferentiatingbetweenenvyandjealousy.ItwasnotuntilthepostclassicalerathatLatinborrowedthelateandpoeticGreekwordzelotypiaandtheassociatedadjectivezelosus.ItisfromthisadjectivethatarederivedFrenchjaloux,Provençalgelos,Italiangeloso,andSpanishceloso.[27] Perhapstheoverlappinguseofjealousyandenvyoccursbecausepeoplecanexperiencebothatthesametime.Apersonmayenvythecharacteristicsorpossessionsofsomeonewhoalsohappenstobearomanticrival.[28]Infact,onemayeveninterpretromanticjealousyasaformofenvy.[29]Ajealouspersonmayenvytheaffectionthattheirpartnergivestoarival–affectionthejealouspersonfeelsentitledtohimselforherself.Peopleoftenusethewordjealousyasabroadlabelthatappliestobothexperiencesofjealousyandexperiencesofenvy.[30] Althoughpopularcultureoftenusesjealousyandenvyassynonyms,modernphilosophersandpsychologistshavearguedforconceptualdistinctionsbetweenjealousyandenvy.Forexample,philosopherJohnRawls[31]distinguishesbetweenjealousyandenvyonthegroundthatjealousyinvolvesthewishtokeepwhatonehas,andenvythewishtogetwhatonedoesnothave.Thus,achildisjealousofherparents'attentiontoasibling,butenviousofherfriend'snewbicycle.PsychologistsLauraGuerreroandPeterAndersenhaveproposedthesamedistinction.[32]Theyclaimthejealousperson"perceivesthatheorshepossessesavaluedrelationship,butisindangeroflosingitoratleastofhavingitalteredinanundesirablemanner,"whereastheenviousperson"doesnotpossessavaluedcommodity,butwishestopossessit."GerrodParrottdrawsattentiontothedistinctthoughtsandfeelingsthatoccurinjealousyandenvy.[33][34] Thecommonexperienceofjealousyformanypeoplemayinvolve: Fearofloss Suspicionoforangeraboutaperceivedbetrayal Lowself-esteemandsadnessoverperceivedloss Uncertaintyandloneliness Fearoflosinganimportantpersontoanother Distrust Theexperienceofenvyinvolves: Feelingsofinferiority Longing Resentmentofcircumstances Illwilltowardsenviedpersonoftenaccompaniedbyguiltaboutthesefeelings Motivationtoimprove Desiretopossesstheattractiverival'squalities Disapprovaloffeelings Sadnesstowardsother'saccomplishments Parrottacknowledgesthatpeoplecanexperienceenvyandjealousyatthesametime.Feelingsofenvyaboutarivalcanevenintensifytheexperienceofjealousy.[35]Still,thedifferencesbetweenenvyandjealousyintermsofthoughtsandfeelingsjustifytheirdistinctioninphilosophyandscience. Inpsychology[edit] Jealousyinvolvesanentire"emotionalepisode,"includingacomplex"narrative",whicharethecircumstancesthatleaduptojealousy,jealousyitselfasemotion,anyattemptatselfregulation,subsequentactionsandeventsandtheresolutionoftheepisode. Thenarrativecanoriginatefromexperiencedfacts,thoughts,perceptions,memories,butalsoimagination,guessesandassumptions.Themoresocietyandculturematterintheformationofthesefactors,themorejealousycanhaveasocialandculturalorigin.Bycontrast, jealousycanbea"cognitivelyimpenetrablestate",whereeducationandrationalbeliefmatterverylittle.[36] Onepossibleexplanationoftheoriginofjealousyinevolutionarypsychologyisthattheemotionevolvedinordertomaximizethesuccessofourgenes:itisabiologicallybasedemotionselectedtofosterthecertaintyaboutthepaternityofone'sownoffspring.Ajealousbehavior,inmen,isdirectedintoavoidingsexualbetrayalandaconsequentwasteofresourcesandeffortintakingcareofsomeoneelse'soffspring.[37]Thereare,additionally,culturalorsocialexplanationsoftheoriginofjealousy.Accordingtoone,thenarrativefromwhichjealousyarisescanbeingreatpartmadebytheimagination.Imaginationisstronglyaffectedbyaperson'sculturalmilieu.Thepatternofreasoning,thewayoneperceivessituations,dependsstronglyonculturalcontext.Ithaselsewherebeensuggestedthatjealousyisinfactasecondaryemotioninreactiontoone'sneedsnotbeingmet,bethoseneedsforattachment,attention,reassuranceoranyotherformofcarethatwouldbeotherwiseexpectedtoarisefromthatprimaryromanticrelationship. Whilemainstreampsychologyconsiderssexualarousalthroughjealousyaparaphilia,someauthorsonsexualityhavearguedthatjealousyinmanageabledimensionscanhaveadefinitepositiveeffectonsexualfunctionandsexualsatisfaction.Studieshavealsoshownthatjealousysometimesheightenspassiontowardspartnersandincreasestheintensityofpassionatesex.[38][39] Jealousyinchildrenandteenagershasbeenobservedmoreofteninthosewithlowself-esteemandcanevokeaggressivereactions.Onesuchstudysuggestedthatdevelopingintimatefriendscanbefollowedbyemotionalinsecurityandlonelinessinsomechildrenwhenthoseintimatefriendsinteractwithothers.Jealousyislinkedtoaggressionandlowself-esteem.[40]ResearchbySybilHart,PhD,atTexasTechUniversityindicatesthatchildrenarecapableoffeelinganddisplayingjealousyatasyoungassixmonths.[41]Infantsshowedsignsofdistresswhentheirmothersfocusedtheirattentiononalifelikedoll.Thisresearchcouldexplainwhychildrenandinfantsshowdistresswhenasiblingisborn,creatingthefoundationforsiblingrivalry.[42] InadditiontotraditionaljealousycomesObsessiveJealousy,whichcanbeaformofObsessiveCompulsiveDisorder.[43]Thisjealousyischaracterizedbyobsessionaljealousyandthoughtsofthepartner. Insociology[edit] Mainarticle:Socialaspectsofjealousy Anthropologistshaveclaimedthatjealousyvariesacrosscultures.Culturallearningcaninfluencethesituationsthattriggerjealousyandthemannerinwhichjealousyisexpressed.Attitudestowardjealousycanalsochangewithinacultureovertime.Forexample,attitudestowardjealousychangedsubstantiallyduringthe1960sand1970sintheUnitedStates.PeopleintheUnitedStatesadoptedmuchmorenegativeviewsaboutjealousy.Asmenandwomenbecamemoreequalitbecamelessappropriateoracceptabletoexpressjealousy. Romanticjealousy[edit] Romanticjealousyarisesasaresultofromanticinterest. Itisdefinedas“acomplexofthoughts,feelings,andactionsthatfollowthreatstoself-esteemand/orthreatstotheexistenceorqualityoftherelationshipwhenthosethreatsaregeneratedbytheperceptionofarealorpotentialromanticattractionbetweenone'spartneranda(perhapsimaginary)rival.”[44]Differentfromsexualjealousy,romanticjealousyistriggeredbythreatstoselfandrelationship(ratherthansexualinterestinanotherperson).Factors,suchasfeelingsofinadequacyasapartner,sexualexclusivity,andhavingputrelativelymoreeffortintotherelationship,arepositivelycorrelatedtorelationshipjealousyinbothgenders. Communicativeresponses[edit] Asromanticjealousyisacomplicatedreactionthathasmultiplecomponents,i.e.,thoughts,feelings,andactions,oneaspectofromanticjealousythatisunderstudyiscommunicativeresponses.Communicativeresponsesservethreecriticalfunctionsinaromanticrelationship,i.e.,reducinguncertainty,maintainingorrepairingrelationship,andrestoringself-esteem.[45]Ifdoneproperly,communicativeresponsescanleadtomoresatisfyingrelationshipsafterexperiencingromanticjealousy.[46][47] Therearetwosubsetsofcommunicativeresponses:interactiveresponsesandgeneralbehaviorresponses.Interactiveresponsesisface-to-faceandpartner-directedwhilegeneralbehaviorresponsesmaynotoccurinteractively.[45]Guerreroandcolleaguesfurthercategorizemultipletypesofcommunicativeresponsesofromanticjealousy.Interactiveresponsescanbebrokendowntosixtypesfallingindifferentplacesoncontinuaofthreatanddirectness: Avoidance/Denial(lowthreatandlowdirectness).Example:becomingsilent;pretendingnothingiswrong. IntegrativeCommunication(lowthreatandhighdirectness).Example:explainingfeelings;calmlyquestioningpartner. ActiveDistancing(mediumthreatandmediumdirectness).Example:decreasingaffection. NegativeAffectExpression(mediumthreatandmediumdirectness).Example:ventingfrustration;cryingorsulking. DistributiveCommunication(highthreatandhighdirectness).Example:actingrude;makinghurtfulorabrasivecomments. ViolentCommunication/Threats(highthreatandhighdirectness).Example:usingphysicalforce. Guerreroandcolleagueshavealsoproposedfivegeneralbehaviorresponses.Thefivesub-typesdifferinwhetheraresponseis1)directedatpartnerorrival(s),2)directedatdiscoveryorrepair,and3)positivelyornegativelyvalenced: Surveillance/Restriction(rival-targeted,discovery-oriented,commonlynegativelyvalenced).Example:observingrival;tryingtorestrictcontactwithpartner. RivalContacts(rival-targeted,discovery-oriented/repair-oriented,commonlynegativelyvalenced).Example:confrontingrival. ManipulationAttempts(partner-targeted,repair-oriented,negativelyvalenced).Example:trickingpartnertotestloyalty;tryingtomakepartnerfeelguilty. CompensatoryRestoration(partner-targeted,repair-oriented,commonlypositivelyvalenced).Example:sendingflowerstopartner. ViolentBehavior(-,-,negativelyvalenced).Example:slammingdoors. Whilesomeofthesecommunicativeresponsesaredestructiveandaggressive,e.g.,distributivecommunicationandactivedistancing,someindividualsrespondtojealousyinamoreconstructiveway.[48]Integrativecommunication,compensatoryrestoration,andnegativeaffectexpressionhavebeenshowntoleadtopositiverelationoutcomes.[49]Onefactorthataffectsthetypeofcommunicativeresponseselicitedinanindividualisemotions.Jealousyangerisassociatedwithmoreaggressivecommunicativeresponsewhileirritationtendstoleadtomoreconstructivecommunicativebehaviors. Researchersalsobelievethatwhenjealousyisexperienceditcanbecausedbydifferencesinunderstandingthecommitmentlevelofthecouple,ratherthandirectlybeingcausedbybiologyalone.Theresearchidentifiedthatifapersonvaluedlong-termrelationshipsmorethanbeingsexuallyexclusive,thoseindividualsweremorelikelytodemonstratejealousyoveremotionalratherthanphysicalinfidelity.[50] ThroughastudyconductedinthreeSpanish-Speakingcountries,itwasdeterminedthatFacebookjealousyalsoexists.ThisFacebookjealousyultimatelyleadstoincreasedrelationshipjealousyandstudyparticipantsalsodisplayeddecreasedselfesteemasaresultoftheFacebookjealousy.[51] Sexualjealousy[edit] Mainarticle:Sexualjealousy Womandisplayingjealousywhileimaginingherpartnerwithanotherwoman Sexualjealousymaybetriggeredwhenaperson'spartnerdisplayssexualinterestinanotherperson.[52]Thefeelingofjealousymaybejustaspowerfulifonepartnersuspectstheotherisguiltyofinfidelity.Fearingthattheirpartnerwillexperiencesexualjealousythepersonwhohasbeenunfaithfulmaylieabouttheiractionsinordertoprotecttheirpartner.Expertsoftenbelievethatsexualjealousyisinfactabiologicalimperative.Itmaybepartofamechanismbywhichhumansandotheranimalsensureaccesstothebestreproductivepartners. Itseemsthatmalejealousyinheterosexualrelationshipsmaybeinfluencedbytheirfemalepartner'sphaseinhermenstrualcycle.Intheperiodaroundandshortlybeforeovulation,malesarefoundtodisplaymoremate-retentiontactics,whicharelinkedtojealousy.[53]Furthermore,amaleismorelikelytoemploymate-retentiontacticsiftheirpartnershowsmoreinterestinothermales,whichismorelikelytooccurinthepre-ovulationphase.[54] Contemporaryviewsongender-baseddifferences[edit] AccordingtoRebeccaL.AmmoninTheOspreyJournalofIdeasandInquiryatUNFDigitalCommons(2004),theParentalInvestmentModelbasedonparentalinvestmenttheorypositsthatmorementhanwomenratifysexdifferencesinjealousy.Inaddition,morewomenovermenconsideremotionalinfidelity(fearofabandonment)asmoredistressingthansexualinfidelity.[55]Accordingtotheattachmenttheory,sexandattachmentstylemakessignificantanduniqueinteractivecontributionstothedistressexperienced.Securitywithintherelationshipalsoheavilycontributestoone'slevelofdistress.Thesefindingsimplythatpsychologicalandculturalmechanismsregardingsexdifferencesmayplayalargerrolethanexpected.Theattachmenttheoryalsoclaimstorevealhowinfants'attachmentpatternsarethebasisforself-reportmeasuresofadultattachment.Althoughtherearenosexdifferencesinchildhoodattachment,individualswithdismissingbehaviorweremoreconcernedwiththesexualaspectofrelationships.Asacopingmechanismtheseindividualswouldreportsexualinfidelityasmoreharmful.Moreover,researchshowsthatauditattachmentstylesstronglyconcludewiththetypeofinfidelitythatoccurred.Thuspsychologicalandculturalmechanismsareimpliedasunvaryingdifferencesinjealousythatplayaroleinsexualattachment.[56] In1906,TheAmericanJournalofPsychologyhadreportedthat"theweightofquotable(male)authorityistotheeffectthatwomenaremoresusceptibletojealousy".ThisclaimwasaccompaniedinthejournalbyaquotefromConfucius:"Thefiveworstmaladiesthatafflictthefemalemindareindocility,discontent,slander,jealousyandsilliness."[57] Emotionaljealousywaspredictedtobeninetimesmoreresponsiveinfemalesthaninmales.Theemotionaljealousypredictedinfemalesalsoheldturntostatethatfemalesexperiencingemotionaljealousyaremoreviolentthanmenexperiencingemotionaljealousy.[58] Therearedistinctemotionalresponsestogenderdifferencesinromanticrelationships.Forexample,duetopaternityuncertaintyinmales,jealousyincreasesinmalesoversexualinfidelityratherthanemotional.Accordingtoresearchmorewomenarelikelytobeupsetbysignsofresourcewithdraw(i.e.anotherfemale)thanbysexualinfidelity.Alargeamountofdatasupportsthisnotion.However,onemustconsiderforjealousythelifestageorexperienceoneencountersinreferencetothediverseresponsestoinfidelityavailable.Researchstatesthatacomponentialviewofjealousyconsistofspecificsetofemotionsthatservethereproductiverole.[citationneeded]However,researchshowsthatbothmenandwomenwouldbeequallyangryandpointtheblameforsexualinfidelity,butwomenwouldbemorehurtbyemotionalinfidelity.Despitethisfact,angersurfaceswhenbothpartiesinvolvedareresponsibleforsometypeofuncontrollablebehavior,sexualconductisnotexempt.Somebehaviorandactionsarecontrollablesuchassexualbehavior.Howeverhurtfeelingsareactivatedbyrelationshipdeviation.Noevidenceisknowntobesexuallydimorphicinbothcollegeandadultconveniencesamples.[clarificationneeded]TheJealousySpecificInnateModel(JSIM)provedtonotbeinnate,butmaybesensitivetosituationalfactors.Asaresult,itmayonlyactivateatstages.Onestudydiscoveredseriousrelationshipsarereservedforolderadultsratherthanundergraduates.Forexample,itwaspredictedthatmalejealousydecreasesasfemalesreproductivevaluesdecreases.[citationneeded] AsecondpossibilitythattheJSIMeffectisnotinnatebutiscultural.Differenceshavebeenhighlightedinsocio-economicstatusspecificsuchasthedividebetweenhighschoolandcollegiateindividuals.Moreover,individualsofbothgenderswereangrierandblamedtheirpartnersmoreforsexualinfidelitiesbutweremorehurtbyemotionalinfidelity.Jealousyiscomposedoflower-levelemotionalstates(e.g.,angerandhurt)whichmaybetriggeredbyavarietyofevents,notbydifferencesinindividuals'lifestage.Althoughresearchhasrecognizedtheimportanceofearlychildhoodexperiencesforthedevelopmentofcompetenceinintimaterelationships,earlyfamilyenvironmentisrecentlybeingexaminedasweage).Researchonself-esteemandattachmenttheorysuggestthatindividualsinternalizeearlyexperienceswithinthefamilywhichsubconsciouslytranslatesintotheirpersonalviewofworthofthemselvesandthevalueofbeingclosetootherindividuals,especiallyinaninterpersonalrelationship.[59] Inanimals[edit] AstudybyresearchersattheUniversityofCalifornia,SanDiego,replicatedjealousystudiesdoneonhumansoncanines.Theyreported,inapaperpublishedinPLOSONEin2014,thatasignificantnumberofdogsexhibitedjealousbehaviorswhentheirhumancompanionspaidattentiontodog-liketoys,comparedtowhentheirhumancompanionspaidattentiontonon-socialobjects.[60] Inaddition,Jealousyhasbeenspeculatedtobeapotentialfactorinincidencesofaggressionoremotionaltensionindogs.[61][62]MellissaStarling,ananimalbehaviorconsultantoftheUniversityofSydney,notedthat'dogsaresocialanimalsandtheyobeyagrouphierarchy.Changesinthehome,likethearrivalofababy,canpromptafamilypettobehavedifferentlytowhatonemightexpect.'[63] Applications[edit] Infiction,film,andart[edit] ApaintingbyMiyagawaIsshōshowsayoungonnagatacatchinghisolderloverwithaloveletterfromarival,c.1750. Artisticdepictionsofjealousyoccurinfiction,films,andotherartformssuchaspaintingandsculpture.Jealousyisacommonthemeinliterature,art,theatre,andfilm.Often,itispresentedasademonstrationofparticularlydeepfeelingsoflove,ratherthanadestructiveobsession. AstudydonebyFerris,Smith,Greenberg,andSmith[64]lookedintothewaypeoplesawdatingandromanticrelationshipsbasedonhowmanyrealitydatingshowstheywatched.[65]Peoplewhospentalargeamountoftimewatchingtheserealitydatingshows"endorsed"orsupportedthe"datingattitudes"thatwouldbeshownontheshow.[65]Whiletheotherpeoplewhodonotspendtimewatchingrealitydatingshowsdidnotmirrorthesameideas.[65]Thismeansifsomeonewatchesarealitydatingshowthatdisplaysmenandwomenreactingviolentlyoraggressivelytowardstheirpartnerduetojealousytheycanmirrorthat.[65]Thisisreflectedinromanticmoviesaswell.[65]JessicaR.Framptonconductedastudylookingintoromanticjealousyinmovies.Thestudyfoundthattherewere"230instancesofromanticjealousywereidentifiedinthe51top-grossingromanticcomediesfrom2002–2014"[65]Someofthefilmsdidnotdisplayromanticjealousyhowever,somefeaturedmanyexamplesofromanticjealousy.[65]Thiswasduetothefactthatsomeofthetop-grossingmoviesdidnotcontainarivalorromanticcompetition.[65]WhileotherssuchasForgettingSarahMarshallwassaidtocontain"19instancesofromanticjealousy."[65]Outofthe230instances58%werereactivejealousywhile31%showedpossessivejealousy.[65]Thelast11%displayedanxiousjealousyitwasseentheleastinall230cases.[65]Outofthe361reactionstothejealousyfound53%werefoundtobe"Destructiveresponses."[65]Only19%ofresponseswereconstructivewhile10%showedavoidantresponses.[65]Thelast18%wereconsidered"rivalfocusedresponses"whichleadtothefindingthat"therewasahigherthanexpectednumberofrival-focusedresponsestopossessivejealousy."[65] Inreligion[edit] Mainarticle:Jealousyinreligion Jealousyinreligionexamineshowthescripturesandteachingsofvariousreligionsdealwiththetopicofjealousy.Religionsmaybecomparedandcontrastedonhowtheydealwithtwoissues:conceptsofdivinejealousy,andrulesabouttheprovocationandexpressionofhumanjealousy. Crossculture[edit] Astudywasdoneinordertocrossexaminejealousyamongfourdifferentcultures,Ireland,Thailand,IndiaandtheUnitedStates.[66]Thesecultureswerechosentodemonstratedifferencesinexpressionacrosscultures.Thestudypositsthatmale-dominantculturesaremorelikelytoexpressandrevealjealousy.[66]ThesurveyfoundthatThaisarelesslikelytoexpressjealousythantheotherthreecultures.[66]Thisisbecausethemenintheseculturesarerewardedinawayforshowingjealousyduetothefactthatsomewomeninterpretitaslove.[66]Thiscanalsobeseenwhenwatchingromanticcomedieswhenmalesshowtheyarejealousofarivaloremotionallyjealouswomenperceiveitasmencaringmore.[66] Seealso[edit] Compersion—empathizingwiththejoyofanother. Crimeofpassion Delusionaldisorder,jealoussubtype Inferioritycomplex Pathologicaljealousy Emotion Relationaltransgression References[edit] Pistole,Johthan;Roberts,Carole;Mosko,Amber(2010)."Commitmentpredictors:Long-distanceversusgeographicallycloserelationships".JournalofCounseling&Development.88(2):2.doi:10.1002/j.1556-6678.2010.tb00003.x. Rydell,RobertJ.;McConnell,AllenR.;Bringle,RobertG.(2004)."Jealousyandcommitment:Perceivedthreatandtheeffectofrelationshipalternatives".PersonalRelationships.11(4):451–468.doi:10.1111/j.1475-6811.2004.00092.x. Lyhda,Belcher(2009)."DifferentTypesofJealousy"livestrong.com Green,Melanie;Sabin,John(2006)."Gender,SocioeconomicStatus,ageandjealousy:Emotionalresponsestoinfidelityinanationalsample".Emotion.6(2):330–4.doi:10.1037/1528-3542.6.2.330.PMID 16768565. Notes[edit] ^"WhatIstheDifferenceBetweenEnvyandJealousy?|PsychologyToday".www.psychologytoday.com.Retrieved3July2021. ^Draghi-Lorenz,R.(2000).Five-month-oldinfantscanbejealous:Againstcognitivistsolipsism.PaperpresentedinasymposiumconvenedfortheXIIthBiennialInternationalConferenceonInfantStudies(ICIS),16–19July,Brighton,UK. ^Hart,S(2002)."Jealousyin6-month-oldinfants".Infancy.3(3):395–402.doi:10.1207/s15327078in0303_6.PMID 33451216. ^Hart,S(2004)."Wheninfantsloseexclusivematernalattention:Isitjealousy?".Infancy.6:57–78.doi:10.1207/s15327078in0601_3. ^Shackelford,T.K.;Voracek,M.;Schmitt,D.P.;Buss,D.M.;Weekes-Shackelford,V.A.;Michalski,R.L.(2004)."Romanticjealousyinearlyadulthoodandinlaterlife".HumanNature.15(3):283–300.CiteSeerX 10.1.1.387.4722.doi:10.1007/s12110-004-1010-z.PMID 26190551.S2CID 10348416. ^Buss,D.M.(2000).TheDangerousPassion:WhyJealousyisasNecessaryasLoveandSex.NewYork:FreePress. 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Furtherreading[edit] PeterGoldie.TheEmotions,APhilosophicalExploration.OxfordUniversityPress,2000 W.GerrodParrott.EmotionsinSocialPsychology.PsychologyPress,2001 JesseJ.Prinz.GutReactions:APerceptualTheoryofEmotions.OxfordUniversityPress,2004 Staff,P.T.(January–February1994),"Adevastatingdifference",PsychologyToday,DocumentID1544,archivedfromtheoriginalon27April2006,retrieved8July2006 JealousyamongtheSanghaQuotingJeremyHaywardfromhisbookonChögyamTrungpaRinpocheWarrior-KingofShambhala:RememberingChögyamTrungpa Hart,S.L.&Legerstee,M.(Eds.)"HandbookofJealousy:Theory,Research,andMultidisciplinaryApproaches".Wiley-Blackwell,2010. Pistole,M.;Roberts,A.;Mosko,J.E.(2010)."CommitmentPredictors:Long-DistanceVersusGeographicallyCloseRelationships".JournalofCounseling&Development.88(2):146.doi:10.1002/j.1556-6678.2010.tb00003.x. Levy,KennethN.,Kelly,KristenMFeb2010;SexDifferencesinJealousy:AContributionFromAttachmentTheoryPsychologicalScience,vol.21:pp. 168–173 Green,M.C.;Sabini,J.(2006)."Gender,socioeconomicstatus,age,andjealousy:Emotionalresponsestoinfidelityinanationalsample".Emotion.6(2):330–334.doi:10.1037/1528-3542.6.2.330.PMID 16768565. Rauer,A.J.;Volling,B.L.(2007)."Differentialparentingandsiblingjealousy:Developmentalcorrelatesofyoungadults'romanticrelationships".PersonalRelationships.14(4):495–511.doi:10.1111/j.1475-6811.2007.00168.x.PMC 2396512.PMID 19050748. Pistole,M.;Roberts,A.;Mosko,J.E.(2010)."CommitmentPredictors:Long-DistanceVersusGeographicallyCloseRelationships".JournalofCounseling&Development.88(2):146.doi:10.1002/j.1556-6678.2010.tb00003.x. Tagler,M.J.(2010)."Sexdifferencesinjealousy:Comparingtheinfluenceofpreviousinfidelityamongcollegestudentsandadults".SocialPsychologicalandPersonalityScience.1(4):353–360.doi:10.1177/1948550610374367.S2CID 143895254. Tagler,M.J.;Gentry,R.H.(2011)."Gender,jealousy,andattachment:A(more)thoroughexaminationacrossmeasuresandsamples".JournalofResearchinPersonality.45(6):697–701.doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2011.08.006. Externallinks[edit] WikiquotehasquotationsrelatedtoJealousy. WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtoJealousy. LookupjealousyinWiktionary,thefreedictionary. "Jealousy" .EncyclopædiaBritannica(11th ed.).1911. vteEmotions(list)Emotions Acceptance Admiration Adoration Aesthetic Affection Agitation Agony Amusement Anger Angst Anguish Annoyance Anticipation Anxiety Apathy Arousal Attraction Awe Boredom Calmness Compassion Confidence Confusion Contempt Contentment Courage Cruelty Curiosity Defeat Depression Desire Disappointment Disgust Distrust Doubt Ecstasy Embarrassment vicarious Empathy Emptiness Enthrallment Enthusiasm Envy Euphoria Excitement Faith Fear Flow Frustration Gratification Gratitude Greed Grief Guilt Happiness Hatred Hiraeth Homesickness Hope Horror Hostility Humiliation Hygge Hysteria Indulgence Infatuation Insecurity Inspiration Interest Irritation Isolation Jealousy Joy Kindness Loneliness Love limerence Lust Mononoaware Neglect Nostalgia Outrage Panic Passion Pity self-pity Pleasure Pride grandiosity hubris insult vanity Rage Regret Rejection Relief Remorse Resentment Sadness melancholy Saudade Schadenfreude Sehnsucht Sentimentality Shame Shock Shyness Socialconnection Sorrow Spite Stress chronic Suffering Surprise Sympathy Trust Wonder senseofwonder Worry Worldviews Cynicism Defeatism Nihilism Optimism Pessimism Reclusion Weltschmerz Related Affect consciousness ineducation measures inpsychology Affective computing forecasting neuroscience science spectrum Affectivity positive negative Appealtoemotion Emotion andart andmemory andmusic andsex andsleep classification evolution expressed functionalaccounts group homeostatic inanimals perception recognition inconversation regulation interpersonal work Emotional aperture bias blackmail competence conflict contagion detachment dysregulation eating exhaustion expression andgender intelligence andbullying intimacy isolation lability labor lateralization literacy prosody reasoning responsivity security symbiosis well-being Emotionality bounded Emotions andculture history indecision-making intheworkplace invirtualcommunication moral self-conscious social socialsharing sociology Feeling Groupaffectivetone Interactionsbetweentheemotionalandexecutivebrainsystems Jealousyinart Meta-emotion Pathognomy Pathos Socialemotionaldevelopment Stoicpassions Theory affect appraisal constructedemotion discreteemotion somaticmarker Italicsindicateemotionnamesinforeignlanguages vteNarcissismSimilarpersonalityconcepts Egomania Egotism Godcomplex Healthynarcissism Hubris Machiavellianism Messiahcomplex Narcissus(mythology) Superioritycomplex Insociety Collectivenarcissism DonJuanism Intheworkplace Leadership Megeneration Parents Pathologicalnarcissism Narcissisticpersonalitydisorder history Darktriad DorianGraysyndrome Malignantnarcissism Narcissistic... injury neurosis elation mortification supply withdrawal NarcissisticPersonalityInventory Relatedpsychologyconcepts Compensation Empathy Entitlement Grandiosity Category AuthoritycontrolNationallibraries France(data) Germany Israel UnitedStates CzechRepublic Other İslâmAnsiklopedisi Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jealousy&oldid=1098204708" Categories:JealousyEmotionsNarcissismPhilosophyoflovePersonallifeHiddencategories:CS1maint:multiplenames:authorslistCS1:longvolumevalueArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionisdifferentfromWikidataUsedmydatesfromJanuary2020ArticlescontainingAncientGreek(to1453)-languagetextAllarticleswithunsourcedstatementsArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromApril2013WikipediaarticlesneedingclarificationfromFebruary2019ArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromMarch2021CommonscategorylinkfromWikidataWikipediaarticlesincorporatingacitationfromthe1911EncyclopaediaBritannicawithWikisourcereferenceArticlescontainingWelsh-languagetextArticlescontainingDanish-languagetextArticlescontainingJapanese-languagetextArticlescontainingPortuguese-languagetextArticlescontainingGerman-languagetextArticleswithBNFidentifiersArticleswithGNDidentifiersArticleswithJ9UidentifiersArticleswithLCCNidentifiersArticleswithNKCidentifiersArticleswithTDVİAidentifiers Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk English Views ReadEditViewhistory More Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Inotherprojects WikimediaCommonsWikiquote Languages AfrikaansالعربيةAsturianuAzərbaycancaБеларускаяБългарскиབོད་ཡིགBosanskiBrezhonegCatalàČeštinaDanskDeutschEestiΕλληνικάEspañolEsperantoEuskaraفارسیFrançaisGalego한국어Հայերենहिन्दीHrvatskiIdoBahasaIndonesiaItalianoעבריתಕನ್ನಡKiswahiliLatinaLombardMagyarМакедонскиМонголNederlandsनेपालभाषा日本語NorskbokmålਪੰਜਾਬੀPolskiPortuguêsRomânăРусскийSicilianuSimpleEnglishSlovenčinaSlovenščinaکوردیСрпски/srpskiSrpskohrvatski/српскохрватскиSuomiSvenskaTagalogTaqbaylitТоҷикӣTürkçeУкраїнськаTiếngViệt吴语ייִדיש粵語中文 Editlinks