Nomothetic and idiographic - Wikipedia

Nomothetic describes the study of classes or cohorts of individuals. Here the subject is seen as an exemplar of a population and their corresponding personality ... Nomotheticandidiographic FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch NomotheticandidiographicaretermsusedbyNeo-KantianphilosopherWilhelmWindelbandtodescribetwodistinctapproachestoknowledge,eachonecorrespondingtoadifferentintellectualtendency,andeachonecorrespondingtoadifferentbranchofacademia.TosaythatWindelbandneversupportedthatlastdichotomywhichisaconsequentmisunderstandingofhisownthought.Hewasclearsayingtheanybranchofscienceandanydisciplinecanbehandledbybothmethodsastheyoffertwointegratingpointsofview.[1] NomotheticisbasedonwhatKantdescribedasatendencytogeneralize,andistypicalforthenaturalsciences.Itdescribestheefforttoderivelawsthatexplaintypesorcategoriesofobjectivephenomena,ingeneral. IdiographicisbasedonwhatKantdescribedasatendencytospecify,andistypicalforthehumanities.Itdescribestheefforttounderstandthemeaningofcontingent,unique,andoftenculturalorsubjectivephenomena. Contents 1Useinthesocialsciences 2Seealso 3References 4Furtherreading Useinthesocialsciences[edit] Theproblemofwhethertousenomotheticoridiographicapproachesismostsharplyfeltinthesocialsciences,whosesubjectareuniqueindividuals(idiographicperspective),butwhohavecertaingeneralpropertiesorbehaveaccordingtogeneralrules(nomotheticperspective). Often,nomotheticapproachesarequantitative,andidiographicapproachesarequalitative,althoughthe"PersonalQuestionnaire"developedbyM.B.Shapiroanditsfurtherdevelopments(e.g.Discanscale)arebothquantitativeandidiographic.[citationneeded]Personalcognition(D.A.Booth)[fullcitationneeded]isidiographic,qualitativeandquantitative,usingtheindividual'sownnarrativeofactionwithinsituationtoscaletheongoingbiosocialcognitiveprocessesinunitsofdiscriminationfromnorm(withM.T.Conner1986,R.P.J.Freeman1993andO.Sharpe2005).[fullcitationneeded] Inpsychology,idiographicdescribesthestudyoftheindividual,whoisseenasauniqueagentwithauniquelifehistory,withpropertiessettingthemapartfromotherindividuals(seeidiographicimage).Acommonmethodtostudytheseuniquecharacteristicsisan(auto)biography,i.e.anarrativethatrecountstheuniquesequenceofeventsthatmadethepersonwhotheyare.Nomotheticdescribesthestudyofclassesorcohortsofindividuals.Herethesubjectisseenasanexemplarofapopulationandtheircorrespondingpersonalitytraitsandbehaviours.ItiswidelyheldthatthetermsidiographicandnomotheticwereintroducedtoAmericanpsychologybyGordonAllportin1937,butHugoMünsterbergusedtheminhis1898presidentialaddressattheAmericanPsychologicalAssociationmeeting.[2]ThisaddresswaspublishedinPsychologicalReviewin1899.[3] TheodoreMillonstatedthatwhenspottinganddiagnosingpersonalitydisorders,firstcliniciansstartwiththenomotheticperspectiveandlookforvariousgeneralscientificlaws;thenwhentheybelievetheyhaveidentifiedadisorder,theyswitchtheirviewtotheidiographicperspectivetofocusonthespecificindividualandhisorheruniquetraits.[4] Insociology,thenomotheticmodeltriestofindindependentvariablesthataccountforthevariationsinagivenphenomenon(e.g.Whatistherelationshipbetweentiming/frequencyofchildbirthandeducation?).Nomotheticexplanationsareprobabilisticandusuallyincomplete.Theidiographicmodelfocusesonacomplete,in-depthunderstandingofasinglecase(e.g.WhydoInothaveanypets?). Inanthropology,idiographicdescribesthestudyofagroup,seenasanentity,withspecificpropertiesthatsetitapartfromothergroups.Nomotheticreferstotheuseofgeneralizationratherthanspecificpropertiesinthesamecontext. Seealso[edit] Nomological References[edit] ^Windelband,Wilhelm(February1,1998)."HistoryandNaturalScience".TheoryandPsychology.8(1):5–22.doi:10.1177/0959354398081001. ^Hurlburt,R.T.,&Knapp,T.J.(2006).Münsterbergin1898,notAllportin1937,introducedthetermsidiographicandnomothetictoAmericanpsychology.Theory&Psychology,16,287-293. ^Münsterberg,H.(1899).Psychologyandhistory.PsychologicalReview,6,1-31. ^Millon,Theodore,withRogerD.Davis.(1995).DisordersofPersonality:DSM-IVandBeyond,2nded.NewYork:JohnWiley&Sons.ISBN 978-0471011866 Furtherreading[edit] Cone,J.D.(1986)."Idiographic,nomothetic,andrelatedperspectivesinbehavioralassessment."In:R.O.Nelson&S.C.Hayes(eds.):Conceptualfoundationsofbehavioralassessment(pp. 111–128).NewYork:Guilford. Thomae,H.(1999)."Thenomothetic-idiographicissue:Somerootsandrecenttrends."InternationalJournalofGroupTensions,28(1),187–215. vtePositivismPerspectives Antihumanism Empiricism Rationalism Scientism Declinations Legalpositivism Logicalpositivism /analyticphilosophy Positivistschool Postpositivism Sociologicalpositivism Machianpositivism(empirio-criticism) Rankeanhistoricalpositivism Polishpositivism RussianMachism Principalconcepts Consilience Demarcation Evidence Induction Justification Pseudoscience Critiqueofmetaphysics Unityofscience Verificationism Antitheses Antipositivism Confirmationholism Criticaltheory Falsifiability Geisteswissenschaft Hermeneutics Historicism Historism Humanscience Humanities Methodologicaldualism Problemofinduction Reflectivism Relatedparadigmshiftsinthehistoryofscience Non-Euclideangeometry(1830s) Uncertaintyprinciple(1927) Relatedtopics Behavioralism Post-behavioralism Criticalrationalism Criticismofscience Epistemology anarchism idealism nihilism pluralism realism Holism Instrumentalism Modernism Naturalisminliterature Nomothetic–idiographicdistinction Objectivityinscience Operationalism Phenomenalism Philosophyofscience Deductive-nomologicalmodel Ramseysentence Sense-datatheory Qualitativeresearch Relationshipbetweenreligionandscience Sociology Socialscience Philosophy Structuralfunctionalism Structuralism Structurationtheory Positivist-relateddebateMethod Methodenstreit(1890s) Werturteilsstreit(1909–1959) Positivismusstreit(1960s) FourthGreatDebateininternationalrelations(1980s) Sciencewars(1990s) Contributions TheCourseinPositivePhilosophy(1830) AGeneralViewofPositivism(1848) CriticalHistoryofPhilosophy(1869) IdealismandPositivism(1879–1884) TheAnalysisofSensations(1886) TheLogicofModernPhysics(1927) Language,Truth,andLogic(1936) TheTwoCultures(1959) TheUniverseinaNutshell(2001) Proponents RichardAvenarius A.J.Ayer AlexanderBogdanov AugusteComte EugenDühring ÉmileDurkheim ErnstLaas ErnstMach BerlinCircle ViennaCircle Criticism MaterialismandEmpirio-criticism(1909) HistoryandClassConsciousness(1923) TheLogicofScientificDiscovery(1934) ThePovertyofHistoricism(1936) WorldHypotheses(1942) TwoDogmasofEmpiricism(1951) TruthandMethod(1960) TheStructureofScientificRevolutions(1962) ConjecturesandRefutations(1963) One-DimensionalMan(1964) KnowledgeandHumanInterests(1968) ThePovertyofTheory(1978) TheScientificImage(1980) TheRhetoricofEconomics(1986) Critics TheodorW.Adorno GastonBachelard MarioBunge WilhelmDilthey PaulFeyerabend Hans-GeorgGadamer ThomasKuhn GyörgyLukács KarlPopper WillardVanOrmanQuine MaxWeber Conceptsincontention Knowledge Objectivity Phronesis Truth Verstehen Category Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nomothetic_and_idiographic&oldid=1048152214" Categories:EpistemologyHiddencategories:AllarticleswithunsourcedstatementsArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromNovember2020AllarticleswithincompletecitationsArticleswithincompletecitationsfromNovember2020ArticlescontainingGerman-languagetext Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk Variants expanded collapsed Views ReadEditViewhistory More expanded collapsed Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Languages DanskDeutschفارسیNederlandsNorskbokmålPolskiРусскийSvenskaУкраїнська Editlinks