The Five Competitive Forces That Shape Strategy

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Yet competition for profits goes beyond established industry rivals to include four other competitive forces as well: customers, suppliers, potential entrants, ... Youhave2freearticlesleftthismonth. Youarereadingyourlastfreearticleforthismonth. Subscribeforunlimitedaccess. Createanaccounttoread2more. Competitivestrategy TheFiveCompetitiveForcesThatShapeStrategy Awarenessofthefiveforcescanhelpacompanyunderstandthestructureofitsindustryandstakeoutapositionthatismoreprofitableandlessvulnerabletoattack. by MichaelE.Porter by MichaelE.Porter FromtheMagazine(January2008) ·Longread Summary.    In1979,ayoungassociateprofessoratHarvardBusinessSchoolpublishedhisfirstarticleforHBR,“HowCompetitiveForcesShapeStrategy.”Intheyearsthatfollowed,MichaelPorter’sexplicationofthefiveforcesthatdeterminethelong-runprofitabilityofanyindustryhasshapedagenerationofacademicresearchandbusinesspractice.Inthisarticle,Porterundertakesathoroughreaffirmationandextensionofhisclassicworkofstrategyformulation,whichincludessubstantialnewsectionsshowinghowtoputthefiveforcesanalysisintopractice. Thefiveforcesgoverntheprofitstructureofanindustrybydetermininghowtheeconomicvalueitcreatesisapportioned.Thatvaluemaybedrainedawaythroughtherivalryamongexistingcompetitors,ofcourse,butitcanalsobebargainedawaythroughthepowerofsuppliersorthepowerofcustomersorbeconstrainedbythethreatofnewentrantsorthethreatofsubstitutes.Strategycanbeviewedasbuildingdefensesagainstthecompetitiveforcesorasfindingapositioninanindustrywheretheforcesareweaker.Changesinthestrengthoftheforcessignalchangesinthecompetitivelandscapecriticaltoongoingstrategyformulation. Inexploringtheimplicationsofthefiveforcesframework,Porterexplainswhyafast-growingindustryisnotalwaysaprofitableone,howeliminatingtoday’scompetitorsthroughmergersandacquisitionscanreduceanindustry’sprofitpotential,howgovernmentpoliciesplayarolebychangingtherelativestrengthoftheforces,andhowtousetheforcestounderstandcomplements.Hethenshowshowacompanycaninfluencethekeyforcesinitsindustrytocreateamorefavorablestructureforitselfortoexpandthepiealtogether.Thefiveforcesrevealwhyindustryprofitabilityiswhatitis.Onlybyunderstandingthemcanacompanyincorporateindustryconditionsintostrategy. Tweet Post Share Save GetPDF BuyCopies Print Loading... Inessence,thejobofthestrategististounderstandandcopewithcompetition.Often,however,managersdefinecompetitiontoonarrowly,asifitoccurredonlyamongtoday’sdirectcompetitors.Yetcompetitionforprofitsgoesbeyondestablishedindustryrivalstoincludefourothercompetitiveforcesaswell:customers,suppliers,potentialentrants,andsubstituteproducts.Theextendedrivalrythatresultsfromallfiveforcesdefinesanindustry’sstructureandshapesthenatureofcompetitiveinteractionwithinanindustry. AversionofthisarticleappearedintheJanuary2008issueofHarvardBusinessReview. ReadmoreonCompetitivestrategy orrelatedtopics Pricingstrategy, Customerstrategy andManagement ForHBRSubscribers MustReadsonStrategy HBR’sdefinitivearticlesoncompetitivestrategywillhelpyouandyourorganizationdevelopastrategicplanintoday’srapidlychanginglandscape. ShowReadingList ShowReadingList MichaelE.PorteristheBishopWilliamLawrenceUniversityProfessoratHarvardBusinessSchool.Hehasservedasanadvisertogovernmentsandcampaignsaroundtheworldontheadvancementofsocialpolicyandeconomicpolicy,includingMittRomney’spresidentialcampaign.Hislatestpaperis TheRoleofBusinessinSociety.HeisanacademicadvisertotheLeadershipNowProject. Tweet Post Share Save GetPDF BuyCopies Print new HBRLearning StrategyPlanningandExecutionCourse AccelerateyourcareerwithHarvardManageMentor®.HBRLearning’sonlineleadershiptraininghelpsyouhoneyourskillswithcourseslikeStrategyPlanningandExecution.EarnbadgestoshareonLinkedInandyourresume.Accessmorethan40coursestrustedbyFortune500companies.Freeforalimitedtime! Howtodevelopawinningstrategy—andputittowork. StartCourse LearnMore&SeeAllCourses Thisisasubscriber-onlyarticle. SubscribeNow I'malreadyasubscriber. SignIn. SignIn ForgotPassword? I'masubscriber,butIdon'thaveanHBR.orgaccount Thanksforyourpatience. 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