Romance of the Three Kingdoms - Wikipedia

Romance of the Three Kingdoms is acclaimed as one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature; it has a total of 800,000 words and nearly a ... RomanceoftheThreeKingdoms FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch OneofChina'sFourGreatClassicalNovels Thisarticleisaboutthehistoricalnovel.Forotheruses,seeRomanceoftheThreeKingdoms(disambiguation). RomanceoftheThreeKingdomsPagesfroma1591printededitionofthenovelAuthorLuoGuanzhongOriginal title三國演義CountryChinaLanguageChineseSubjectAncientChinaGenreHistoricalfictionSet inChina,AD169–280Publicationdate14thcenturyPublished inEnglish1907Media typePrintISBN978-7-119-00590-4DeweyDecimal895.1346LC ClassPL2690.S3E531995Originaltext三國演義atChineseWikisourceTranslationRomanceoftheThreeKingdomsatWikisource RomanceoftheThreeKingdomsRomanceoftheThreeKingdomsinTraditional(top)andSimplified(bottom)ChinesecharactersChinesenameTraditional Chinese三國演義SimplifiedChinese三国演义TranscriptionsStandardMandarinHanyuPinyinSānguóyǎnyìWade–GilesSan1-kuo2yen3-i4IPA[sán.kwǒ jɛ̀n.î]WuSuzhouneseSe-kuehiè-nyîYue:CantoneseYaleRomanizationSāamgwokyínyihJyutpingSaam1-gwok3jin2-ji6IPA[sáːm.kʷɔ̄ːk̚ jǐːn.jìː]SouthernMinHokkienPOJSam-kokián-gī RomanceoftheThreeKingdoms(traditionalChinese:三國演義;simplifiedChinese:三国演义;pinyin:SānguóYǎnyì)isa14th-centuryhistoricalnovelattributedtoLuoGuanzhong.ItissetintheturbulentyearstowardstheendoftheHandynastyandtheThreeKingdomsperiodinChinesehistory,startingin169ADandendingwiththereunificationofthelandin280byWesternJin.ThenovelisbasedprimarilyontheRecordsoftheThreeKingdoms(三國志),writtenbyChenShou. Thestory–parthistoricalandpartfictional–romanticisesanddramatisesthelivesoffeudallordsandtheirretainers,whotriedtoreplacethedwindlingHandynastyorrestoreit.Whilethenovelfollowshundredsofcharacters,thefocusismainlyonthethreepowerblocsthatemergedfromtheremnantsoftheHandynasty,andwouldeventuallyformthethreestatesofCaoWei,ShuHan,andEasternWu.Thenoveldealswiththeplots,personalandmilitarybattles,intrigues,andstrugglesofthesestatestoachievedominanceforalmost100years. RomanceoftheThreeKingdomsisacclaimedasoneoftheFourGreatClassicalNovelsofChineseliterature;ithasatotalof800,000wordsandnearlyathousanddramaticcharacters(mostlyhistorical)in120chapters.[1]ThenovelisamongthemostbelovedworksofliteratureinEastAsia,[2]anditsliteraryinfluenceintheregionhasbeencomparedtothatoftheworksofShakespeareonEnglishliterature.[3]ItisarguablythemostwidelyreadhistoricalnovelinlateimperialandmodernChina.[4]HerbertGilesstatedthatamongtheChinesethemselves,thisisregardedasthegreatestofalltheirnovels.[5] Contents 1Originsandversions 1.1Expansionofthehistory 1.2Recensionsandstandardisedtext 2Plot 2.1YellowTurbanRebellionandtheTenAttendants 2.2DongZhuo'styranny 2.3Conflictamongthevariouswarlordsandnobles 2.4SunCebuildsadynastyinJiangdong 2.5LiuBei'sambition 2.6BattleofGuandu 2.7BattleofChangban 2.8BattleofRedCliffs 2.9LiuBei'stakeoverofYiProvince 2.10DeathofGuanYu 2.11BattleofYiling 2.12ZhugeLiang'scampaigns 2.13EndoftheThreeKingdoms 3Historicalaccuracy 4Literaryanalysis 5Culturalimpact 5.1Buddhistaspects 5.2Strategiesusedinbattles 6Translations 6.1Englishtranslations 6.1.1Abridged 6.1.2Unabridged 6.2Adaptations 7Seealso 8Citations 9Referencesandfurtherreading 10Externallinks Originsandversions[edit] StoriesabouttheheroesoftheThreeKingdomswerethebasisofentertainmentdatingbacktotheSuiandTangdynasty(6th–10thcenturies).BytheSongdynasty(10th–13thcenturies),therewereseveralrecordsofprofessionaloralstorytellerswhospecializedintheThreeKingdomsherocycles.Theearliestwrittenworktocombinethesestorieswasapinghua,SanguozhiPinghua(simplifiedChinese:三国志平话;traditionalChinese:三國志平話;pinyin:SānguózhìPínghuà;lit.'RecordsoftheThreeKingdomsinplainspeech'),publishedsometimebetween1321and1323.[6] Expansionofthehistory[edit] RomanceoftheThreeKingdomsistraditionallyattributedtoLuoGuanzhong,[7]aplaywrightwholivedsometimebetween1315and1400(lateYuantoearlyMingperiod)knownforcompilinghistoricalplaysinstyleswhichwereprevalentduringtheYuanperiod.[8]Itwasfirstprintedin1522[8]asSanguozhiTongsuYanyi(三國志通俗演義/三国志通俗演义)inaneditionwhichboreaperhapsspuriousprefacedate1494.Thetextmaywellhavecirculatedbeforeeitherdateinhandwrittenmanuscripts.[9] RegardlessofwhenitwaswrittenorwhetherLuowasthewriter,theauthormadeuseofseveralavailablehistoricalrecords,primarilytheRecordsoftheThreeKingdomscompiledbyChenShou.TheRecordsoftheThreeKingdomscoveredeventsrangingfromtheYellowTurbanRebellionin184totheunificationoftheThreeKingdomsundertheJindynastyin280.ThenovelalsoincludesmaterialfromTangdynastypoeticworks,Yuandynastyoperasandhisownpersonalinterpretationofelementssuchasvirtueandlegitimacy.Theauthorcombinedthishistoricalknowledgewithhisownstorytellingskillstocreatearichtapestryofpersonalities.[10] Recensionsandstandardisedtext[edit] SeveralversionsoftheexpandedSanguozhiareextanttoday.LuoGuanzhong'sversionin24volumes,knownastheSanguozhiTongsuYanyi,isnowheldintheShanghaiLibraryinChina,TenriCentralLibraryinJapan,andseveralothermajorlibraries.Various10-volume,12-volumeand20-volumerecensionsofLuo'stext,madebetween1522and1690,arealsoheldatlibrariesaroundtheworld.However,thestandardtextfamiliartogeneralreadersisarecensionbyMaoLunandhissonMaoZonggang. Inthe1660s,duringthereignoftheKangxiEmperorintheQingdynasty,MaoLunandMaoZonggangsignificantlyeditedthetext,fittingitinto120chapters,andabbreviatingthetitletoSanguozhiYanyi.[11]Thetextwasreducedfrom900,000to750,000characters;significanteditingwasdonefornarrativeflow;useofthird-partypoemswasreducedandshiftedfromconventionalversetofinerpieces;andmostpassagespraisingCaoCao'sadvisersandgeneralswereremoved.[12]ScholarshavelongdebatedwhethertheMaos'viewpointwasanti-Qing(identifyingSouthernMingremnantswithShu-Han)orpro-Qing.[13] Thefamousopeninglinesofthenovel,"Theempire,longdivided,mustunite;longunited,mustdivide.Thusithaseverbeen"(話說天下大勢．分久必合，合久必分Huàshuōtiānxiàdàshì.Fēnjiǔbìhé,héjiǔbìfēn),[14]longunderstoodtobeLuo'sintroductionandcyclicalphilosophy,wereactuallyaddedbytheMaosintheirsubstantiallyrevisededitionof1679.[15]Noneoftheearliereditionscontainedthisphrase.Inaddition,MaoalsoaddedYangShen'sTheImmortalsbytheRiverasthefamousintroductorypoem(whichbeganwith"ThegushingwatersoftheYangziRiverpouranddisappearintotheEast")(滾滾長江東逝水)tothenovel.[16]Theearliereditions,moreover,spendlesstimeontheprocessofdivision,whichtheyfoundpainful,andfarmoretimeontheprocessofreunificationandthestrugglesoftheheroeswhosacrificedforit.[17] Plot[edit] OneofthegreatestachievementsofRomanceoftheThreeKingdomsistheextremecomplexityofitsstoriesandcharacters.Thenovelcontainsnumeroussubplots.Thefollowingconsistsofasummaryofthecentralplotandsomewell-knownhighlightsinthenovel. ThreeHeroesofThreeKingdoms,silkpaintingbySekkanSakurai(1715–1790),depictingLiuBei,GuanYuandZhangFei. YellowTurbanRebellionandtheTenAttendants[edit] DuringthefinalyearsoftheEasternHandynasty,treacherouseunuchsandvillainousofficialsdeceivedtheemperorandpersecutedgoodofficials.Thegovernmentgraduallybecameextremelycorruptonalllevels,leadingtowidespreaddeteriorationoftheHanEmpire.DuringthereignofEmperorLing,theYellowTurbanRebellionbrokeoutundertheleadershipofZhangJiao. TherebellionwasbarelysuppressedbyimperialforcesledbythegeneralHeJin.UponEmperorLing'sdeath,HeJininstalledtheyoungEmperorShaoonthethroneandtookcontrolofthecentralgovernment.TheTenAttendants,agroupofinfluentialcourteunuchs,fearedthatHeJinwasgrowingtoopowerful,andsoluredhimintothepalaceandassassinatedhim.Inrevenge,HeJin'ssupportersbrokeintothepalaceandindiscriminatelyslaughteredanypersonwholookedlikeaeunuch.Intheensuingchaos,EmperorShaoandhisyoungerhalf-brother,thePrinceofChenliu,disappearedfromthepalace. DongZhuo'styranny[edit] ThemissingemperorandtheprincewerefoundbysoldiersofthewarlordDongZhuo,whoseizedcontroloftheimperialcapital,Luoyang,underthepretextofprotectingtheemperor.DongZhuolaterdeposedEmperorShaoandreplacedhimwiththePrinceofChenliu(EmperorXian),whowasmerelyafigureheadunderhiscontrol.DongZhuomonopolisedstatepower,persecutedhispoliticalopponentsandoppressedthecommonpeopleforhispersonalgain.Thereweretwoattemptsonhislife:thefirstwasbyamilitaryofficer,WuFu(伍孚),whofailedanddiedagruesomedeath;thesecondwasbyCaoCao,whoseattemptwentawryandforcedhimtoflee. CaoCaoescapedfromLuoyang,returnedtohishometownandsentoutafakeimperialedicttovariousregionalofficialsandwarlords,callingthemtoriseupagainstDongZhuo.UnderYuanShao'sleadership,18warlordsformedacoalitionarmyandlaunchedapunitivecampaignagainstDongZhuo.DongZhuofeltthreatenedafterlosingthebattlesofSishuiPassandHulaoPass,soheevacuatedLuoyangandmovedtheimperialcapitaltoChang'an.HeforcedLuoyang'sresidentstomovetogetherwithhimandhadthecitysetaflame.Thecoalitioneventuallybrokeupduetopoorleadershipandconflictinginterestsamongitsmembers.Meanwhile,inChang'an,DongZhuowasbetrayedandmurderedbyhisfostersonLüBuinadisputeoverthemaidenDiaochanaspartofaplotorchestratedbytheministerWangYun. Conflictamongthevariouswarlordsandnobles[edit] Inthemeantime,theHanEmpirewasalreadydisintegratingintocivilwaraswarlordsfoughtforterritoriesandpower.SunJianfoundtheImperialSealinawellintheruinsofLuoyangandsecretlykeptitforhimself.ButhewasconfrontedbyYuanShaoafteroneofthesoldiersaccompanyingSunJianleakedtheinformationtoYuanShao.YuanShaothensecretlytoldLiuBiaotointerceptSunJianonhiswaybacktoJiangdong,whileheattackGongsunZantoconsolidatehispowerintheNorth.OtherssuchasCaoCaoandLiuBei,whoinitiallyhadnotitlesorland,werealsograduallyformingtheirownarmiesandtakingcontrolofterritories. Duringthosetimesofupheaval,CaoCaosavedEmperorXianfromtheremnantsofDongZhuo'sforces,establishedthenewimperialcapitalinXuandbecamethenewheadofthecentralgovernment.HedefeatedrivalwarlordssuchasLüBu,YuanShuandZhangXiuinaseriesofwarsincentralChinabeforescoringadecisivevictoryoverYuanShaoattheBattleofGuandu.Throughhisconquests,CaoCaounitedcentralandnorthernChinaunderhiscontrol.TheterritoriesheconqueredservedasthefoundationofthestateofCaoWeiinthefuture. SunCebuildsadynastyinJiangdong[edit] Meanwhile,theambushsetbyLiuBiaoonYuanShao'sordersviolentlyconcludedSunJian'slife.Hiseldestson,SunCe,deliveredtheImperialSealasatributetotherisingpretender,YuanShu,inexchangefortroopsandhorses.SunCesecuredhimselfastateintherichriverlandsofJiangdong(Wu),onwhichthestateofEasternWuwasfoundedlater.Tragically,SunCealsodiedatthepinnacleofhiscareerfromillnessunderstressofhisterrifyingencounterwiththeghostofYuJi,avenerablemagicianwhomhehadfalselyaccusedofheresyandexecutedinjealousy.However,SunQuan,hisyoungerbrotherandsuccessor,provedtobeacapableandcharismaticruler.WithassistancefromZhouYu,ZhangZhaoandothers,SunQuanfoundhiddentalentssuchasLuSutoservehim,builtuphismilitaryforcesandmaintainedstabilityinJiangdong. LiuBei'sambition[edit] LiuBeirecruitingZhugeLiang,fromVisitingtheThatchedHutThreeTimes,aMingdynastypaintingbyDaiJin(1388–1462). LiuBeiandhisoathbrothersGuanYuandZhangFeisworeallegiancetotheHanEmpireintheOathofthePeachGardenandpledgedtodotheirbestforthepeople.However,theirambitionswerenotrealisedastheydidnotreceiveduerecognitionforhelpingtosuppresstheYellowTurbanRebellionandparticipatinginthecampaignagainstDongZhuo.AfterLiuBeisucceededTaoQianasthegovernorofXuProvince,heofferedsheltertoLüBu,whohadjustbeendefeatedbyCaoCao.However,LüBubetrayedhishost,seizedcontroloftheprovinceandattackedLiuBei.LiuBeicombinedforceswithCaoCaoanddefeatedLüBuattheBattleofXiapi.LiuBeithenfollowedCaoCaobacktotheimperialcapital,Xu,whereEmperorXianhonouredhimashis"ImperialUncle".WhenCaoCaoshowedsignsthathewantedtousurpthethrone,EmperorXianwroteasecretdecreeinbloodtohisfather-in-law,DongCheng,andorderedhimtogetridofCao.DongChengsecretlycontactedLiuBeiandothersandtheyplannedtoassassinateCaoCao.However,theplotwasleakedoutandCaoCaohadDongChengandtheothersarrestedandexecutedalongwiththeirfamilies. LiuBeihadalreadylefttheimperialcapitalwhentheplotwasexposed.HeseizedcontrolofXuProvincefromCheZhou,thenewgovernorappointedbyCaoCao.Inretaliation,CaoCaoattackedXuProvinceanddefeatedLiuBei,forcinghimtotakeshelterunderYuanShaoforabriefperiodoftime.LiuBeieventuallyleftYuanShaoandestablishedanewbaseinRunan,wherehelosttoCaoCaoagain.HeretreatedsouthtoJingProvince,wherehefoundshelterunderthegovernor,LiuBiao. BattleofGuandu[edit] In200,DongCheng,animperialrelative,receivedasecretedictfromEmperorXiantoassassinateCaoCao.HecollaboratedwithLiuBeiandsomeotherhigh-rankingofficialsonthiseffort,butCaoCaosoonfoundoutabouttheplotandhadDongChengandhisconspiratorsexecuted,withonlyLiuBeiandGovernorofLiangProvinceMaTengsurviving.WithLiuBeifleeingtojoinYuanShaointhenorthandMaTengreturningtohisownprovince. Aftersettlingthenearbyprovinces,includingarebellionledbyformerYellowTurbans,andinternalaffairswiththecourt,CaoCaoturnedhisattentionnorthtoYuanShao,whohimselfhadeliminatedhisnorthernrivalGongsunZanthatsameyear.YuanShao,himselfofhighernobilitythanCaoCao,amassedalargearmyandcampedalongthenorthernbankoftheYellowRiver. Inthesummerof200,aftermonthsofpreparations,thearmiesofCaoCaoandYuanShaoclashedattheBattleofGuandu(nearpresent-dayKaifeng).CaoCao'sarmywasheavilyoutnumberedbyYuanShao.DuetoaraidinYuan'ssupplytrain,Yuan'sarmyfellintodisorderastheyfledbacknorth. CaoCaotookadvantageofYuanShao'sdeathin202,whichresultedindivisionamonghissons,andadvancedtothenorth.In204,aftertheBattleofYe,CaoCaocapturedthecityofYe. Bytheendof207,afteravictoriouscampaignbeyondthefrontieragainsttheWuhuanculminatingintheBattleofWhiteWolfMountain,CaoCaoachievedcompletedominanceoftheNorthChinaPlain.HenowcontrolledChina'sheartland,includingYuanShao'sformerterritory,andhalfoftheChinesepopulation. BattleofChangban[edit] Since200,LiuBiaoputLiuBeiinchargeofXinye,whereLiuBeivisitedZhugeLiangthriceandrecruitedhimasantactician.HealsobuiltuphisforcesattheencouragementofZhugeLianginpreparationforwaragainstCaoCao. FollowinghisunificationofcentralandnorthernChinaunderhiscontrol,CaoCao,havingbeenappointedImperialChancellorbyEmperorXian,ledhisforcesonasoutherncampaigntoeliminateLiuBeiandSunQuan. In208,althoughLiuBeimanagedtorepeltwoattacksbyCaoCaoatXinye,hewaseventuallyforcedtofleeduetotheoverwhelmingstrengthoftheenemyforces.CaoCaoandhiscavalrycaughtuptoLiuBei'scongregationatChangban,Dangyang,andLiuBeihadtofleeforhislife,gallopingawaysouthwithZhangFei,ZhaoYunandZhugeLiang,whileleavinghisfamilyandthepopulacebehind.CaoCao'sforcescapturedmostoftheunarmedciviliansandLiuBei'sbaggage.Inthechaos,ZhaoYundisappearedtothenorth,buthecamebackwithLiuBei'sinfantsonLiuShanalongwithLadyGan. TurningeastfromChangban,LiuBeiandtheremnantsofhispartyhadcrossedtheHanRivertotheeastwhereLiuQi,LiuBiao'selderson,stillheldcontrolofJiangxiaCommandery.TheymetGuanYu'sfleetandover10,000menledbyLiuQiatHanFord.Together,theysaileddowntherivertoXiakou. CaoCaodidnotfollowupinimmediatepursuit.PartiallybecausehismainobjectiveofhisdrivetothesouthhadbeenthebaseatJianglingCounty,andhepressedonsouthtosecurethatbasefirst;partiallybecausehefearedatrapsetbytherenownedtacticianZhugeLiang. BattleofRedCliffs[edit] In208,AftertheBattleofChangban.LiuBeisentZhugeLiangtomeetSunQuananddiscusstheformationofaSun–LiualliancetocounterCaoCao.SunQuanagreedandplacedZhouYuincommandofhisarmyinpreparationforwarwithCaoCao.ZhugeLiangremainedtemporarilyinWuterritorytoassistZhouYu.ZhouYufeltthatZhugeLiangwouldbecomeathreattoSunQuaninthefutureandattemptedtokillhimonafewoccasionsbutultimatelyfailedduetoZhugeLiang'ssuperiorintuition,andendeduphavingnochoicebuttocooperatewithZhugeLiang.TheSun–LiuforcesscoredadecisivevictoryoverCaoCaoattheBattleofRedCliffs. TraditionalsiteoftheRedCliffs. SunQuanandLiuBeistartedvyingforcontrolofsouthernJingProvinceaftertheirvictory,butLiuwonandtookovertheterritoriesfromCaoCao'sgeneral,CaoRen.SunQuan,unhappyoverhavinggainednothing,sentmessengerstoaskLiuBeito"return"theterritoriestohim,butLiudismissedthemessengereachtimewithadifferentexcuse.SunQuanwasunwillingtogiveup,sohefollowedZhouYu'splantotrickLiuBeitocometohisterritoryandmarryhissister,LadySun.HewouldthenholdLiuBeihostageinexchangeforJingProvince.However,theplanwasfoiledbyZhugeLiangandthenewlywedcouplereturnedtoJingProvincesafely.ZhouYulaterdiedinfrustrationafterZhugeLiangrepeatedlyfoiledhisplanstotakeJingProvince. LiuBei'stakeoverofYiProvince[edit] RelationsbetweenLiuBeiandSunQuandeterioratedafterZhouYu'sdeath,butnottothepointofwar.FollowingZhugeLiang'sLongzhongPlan,LiuBeiledhisforceswestwardintoYiProvinceandseizedcontroloftheterritoriesfromthegovernor,LiuZhang.Bythen,LiuBeiruledoveravaststretchoflandfromYiProvincetosouthernJingProvince;theseterritoriesservedasthefoundationofthestateofShuHanlater.LiuBeideclaredhimselfKingofHanzhongafterdefeatingCaoCaointheHanzhongCampaignandcapturingHanzhongCommandery. Atthesametime,EmperorXianawardedCaoCaothetitleofavassalking–KingofWei–whileSunQuanwasknownastheDukeofWu.IneasternChina,SunQuanandCaoCao'sforcesfoughtinvariousbattlesalongtheYangtzeRiver,includingthebattlesofHefeiandRuxu,butneithersidemanagedtogainasignificantadvantageovertheother. DeathofGuanYu[edit] ShadowpuppetsintheSichuanProvincialMuseumdepictingGuanYuandZhangFei. Meanwhile,SunQuanplottedtotakeJingProvinceaftergrowingtiredofLiuBei'srepeatedrefusalstohandovertheprovince.HesecretlymadepeaceandalliedwithCaoCaoagainstLiuBei.WhileGuanYu,whoguardedLiuBei'sterritoriesinJingProvince,wasawayattackingCaoRenattheBattleofFancheng,SunQuansenthisgeneralLüMengtolaunchastealthinvasiononJingProvince.GuanYuwasunabletocaptureFanchengsoheretreated,butwascaughtoffguardbyLüMengandhadalreadylostJingProvincebeforeheknewit.Withhisarmy'smoralefallingandthetroopsgraduallydeserting,GuanYuandhisremainingmenwithdrewtoMaicheng,wheretheyweresurroundedbySunQuan'sforces.Indesperation,GuanYuattemptedtobreakoutofthesiegebutfailedandwascapturedinanambush.SunQuanhadhimexecutedafterherefusedtosurrender. ShortlyafterGuanYu'sdeath,CaoCaodiedofabraintumourinLuoyang.Hissonandsuccessor,CaoPi,forcedEmperorXiantoabdicatethethronetohimandestablishedthestateofCaoWeitoreplacetheHandynasty.Aboutayearlater,LiuBeideclaredhimselfemperorandfoundedthestateofShuHanasacontinuationoftheHandynasty.WhileLiuBeiwasplanningtoavengeGuanYu,ZhangFeiwasassassinatedinhissleepbyhissubordinates. BattleofYiling[edit] AsLiuBeiledalargearmytoavengeGuanYuandretakeJingProvince,SunQuanattemptedtoappeasehimbyofferingtoreturnhimtheterritoriesinsouthernJingProvince.LiuBei'ssubjectsurgedhimtoacceptSunQuan'sofferbutLiuinsistedonavenginghisswornbrother.AfterinitialvictoriesagainstSunQuan'sforces,aseriesofstrategicmistakesresultedinLiuBei'scalamitousdefeatattheBattleofXiaoting/YilingbySunQuan'sgeneral,LuXun.LuXuninitiallypursuedLiuBeiwhilethelatterretreatedafterhisdefeat,butgaveupaftergettingtrappedinsideandbarelyescapingfromZhugeLiang'sStoneSentinelMaze. Anartist'simpressionofZhugeLiang. LiuBeidiedinBaidichengfromillnessafewmonthslater.Onhisdeathbed,LiuBeigrantedZhugeLiangpermissiontotakethethroneifhissonandsuccessor,LiuShan,provedtobeanineptruler.ZhugeLiangfirmlyrefusedandsworetoremainfaithfultothetrustLiuBeihadplacedinhim. ZhugeLiang'scampaigns[edit] AfterLiuBei'sdeath,CaoPiinducedseveralforces,includingSunQuan,aturncoatShugeneralMengDa,theNanmanandQiangtribes,toattackShu,incoordinationwithaWeiarmy.However,ZhugeLiangmanagedtomakethefivearmiesretreatwithoutanybloodshed.HealsosentDengZhitomakepeacewithSunQuanandrestorethealliancebetweenShuandWu.ZhugeLiangthenpersonallyledasoutherncampaignagainsttheNanman,defeatedthemseventimes,andwontheallegianceoftheNanmanking,MengHuo. Afterpacifyingthesouth,ZhugeLiangledtheShuarmyonfivemilitaryexpeditionstoattackWeiaspartofhismissiontorestoretheHandynasty.Eachtime,asZhugeLiangwasonthevergeofsuccess,hewasrecalledduetovariousunfortunatecircumstances,suchasLiuShanlisteningtotherumorsspreadbyeunuchs.However,hisdayswerenumberedbecausehehadbeensufferingfromchronicillnessandhisconditionworsenedunderstress.HewoulddieofillnessattheBattleofWuzhangPlainswhileleadingastalematebattleagainsttheWeigeneralSimaYi. EndoftheThreeKingdoms[edit] ThelongyearsofbattlebetweenShuandWeisawmanychangesintherulingCaofamilyinWei.TheinfluenceoftheCaosweakenedafterCaoRui'sdeathandstatepowereventuallyfellintothehandsoftheregentSimaYiandsubsequentlytohissons,SimaShiandSimaZhao. InShu,JiangWeiinheritedZhugeLiang'slegacyandcontinuedtoleadanotherninecampaignsagainstWeiforthreedecades,butultimatelyfailedtoachieveanysignificantsuccess.TheShuemperorLiuShanalsoturnedouttobeanincompetentrulerwhotrustedcorruptofficials.ShugraduallydeclinedunderLiuShan'sruleandwaseventuallyconqueredbyWeiforces.JiangWeiattemptedtorestoreShuwiththehelpofZhongHui,aWeigeneraldissatisfiedwithSimaZhao,buttheirplanfailedandZhongHuiwaskilledbyWeitroops,whileJiangWeicommittedsuicide.ShortlyafterthefallofShu,SimaZhaodiedandhisson,SimaYan,forcedthelastWeiemperor,CaoHuan,toabdicatethethronetohim.SimaYanthenestablishedtheJindynastytoreplacethestateofCaoWei. InWu,therehadbeeninternalconflictamongthenoblessinceSunQuan'sdeath.TheregentsZhugeKeandSunChenconsecutivelyattemptedtousurpthethronebutwereeventuallyoustedfrompowerandeliminatedincoups.AlthoughstabilitywastemporarilyrestoredinWu,thelastWuemperor,SunHao,turnedouttobeatyrant.Wu,thelastoftheThreeKingdoms,waseventuallyconqueredbytheJindynasty.ThefallofWumarkedtheendofthenearcentury-longeraofcivilstrifehistoricallyknownastheThreeKingdomsperiod. Historicalaccuracy[edit] Seealso:ListoffictitiousstoriesinRomanceoftheThreeKingdoms ThenoveldrawsfromChenShou'sRecordsoftheThreeKingdomsasthemainhistoricalsource.OthermajorinfluencesincludeLiuYiqing'sANewAccountoftheTalesoftheWorld(ShishuoXinyu),publishedin430,[18]andtheSanguozhiPinghua,achronologicalcollectionofeightyfictionalsketchesstartingwiththepeachgardenoathandendingwithZhugeLiang'sdeath.[19] Some50or60YuanandearlyMingplaysabouttheThreeKingdomsareknowntohaveexisted,andtheirmaterialisalmostentirelyfictional,basedonthinthreadsofactualhistory.Thenovelisthusareturntogreateremphasisonhistory,comparedtothesedramas.[20]ThenovelalsoshiftedtowardsbetteracknowledgementofsouthernChina'shistoricalimportance,whilestillportrayingsomeprejudiceagainstthesouth.[21]TheQingdynastyhistorianZhangXuechengfamouslywrotethatthenovelwas"seven-partsfactandthree-partsfiction."[11][22]Thefictionalpartsareculledfromdifferentsources,includingunofficialhistories,folkstories,theSanguozhiPinghua,andalsotheauthor'sownimagination.Nonetheless,thedescriptionofthesocialconditionsandthelogicthatthecharactersuseisaccuratetotheThreeKingdomsperiod,creating"believable"situationsandcharacters,eveniftheyarenothistoricallyaccurate.[23] RomanceoftheThreeKingdoms,likethedramasandfolkstoriesofitsday,featuresLiuBeiandhisassociatesastheprotagonists;hencethedepictionofthepeopleinShuHanwasglorified.Theantagonists,CaoCao,SunQuanandtheirfollowers,ontheotherhand,wereoftendenigrated.ThissuitedthepoliticalclimateintheMingdynasty,unlikeintheJindynastywhenCaoWeiwasconsideredthelegitimatesuccessortotheHandynasty.[citationneeded] Somenon-historicalscenesinthenovelhavebecomewell-knownandsubsequentlybecameapartoftraditionalChineseculture. Literaryanalysis[edit] AnillustrationfromaMingdynastyprintededitionofthenovelfrom1591,collectionofthePekingUniversity. Intheintroductiontothe1959reprintoftheBrewitt-Taylortranslation,RoyAndrewMillerarguesthatthenovel'schiefthemeis"thenatureofhumanambition",[22]towhichMoodyaddstherelationshipbetweenpoliticsandmorality,specificallytheconflictbetweentheidealismofConfucianpoliticalthoughtandtheharshrealismofLegalism,asarelatedtheme.[22]Otherdominantthemesofthenovelinclude:theriseandfalloftheidealliege(LiuBei);findingtheidealminister(ZhugeLiang);theconflictbetweentheidealliege(LiuBei)andtheconsummatevillain(CaoCao);andthecrueltiesandinjusticeoffeudalordynasticgovernment.[1] Theopeninglinesofthenovel,"Theempire,longdivided,mustunite;longunited,mustdivide.Thusithaseverbeen",addedbyMaoLunandMaoZonggangintheirrecension,[24][14]epitomisethetragicthemeofthenovel.Onerecentcriticnotesthatthenoveltakespoliticalandmoralstandsandletsthereaderknowwhichofthecharactersareheroesandwhichvillains,yettheheroesareforcedtomakeatragicchoicebetweenequalvalues,notmerelybetweengoodandevil.Theheroesknowthattheendoftheempireisordainedbythiscosmiccycleofdivisionandunity,yettheirchoicesaremoral,basedonloyalty,notpolitical.[25] Plaksstatesthenoveldealswiththe"cyclicaltheoriesofdynasticdecline,"andrelatesthe"breakdownoforder"attheendoftheHandynastyto"theimproperexerciseofimperialauthority,thedestabilisationinfluenceofspecial-interestgroups(eunuchs,imperialclansmen),theproblemoffactionalandindividualidealismcarriedtothepointofcivilstrife-allofwhicheventuallysurfaceinthebodyofthenarrative."Hegoesontosay,the"overlappingclaimstolegitimacyandmultiplespheresofpower,"givethenovela"senseofepicgreatness"withits"combinationofgrandeurandfutility."[6]: 385, 403, 495  Culturalimpact[edit] Thissectiondoesnotciteanysources.Pleasehelpimprovethissectionbyaddingcitationstoreliablesources.Unsourcedmaterialmaybechallengedandremoved.(June2018)(Learnhowandwhentoremovethistemplatemessage) RomanceoftheThreeKingdomsinChineseoperaZhangHe,XuChu,CaoHong,andLiDianinPekingoperaLüBu,LiuBei,andZhangFeiinSichuanoperaXiaoQiaoandZhouYuinQingyangqiang BesidesthefamousPeachGardenOath,manyChineseproverbsinusetodayarederivedfromthenovel: Translation Chinese Interpretation Brothersarelikelimbs,wivesandchildrenarelikeclothing.Tornclothingcanberepaired;howcanbrokenlimbsbemended? simplifiedChinese:兄弟如手足，妻子如衣服。

衣服破，尚可缝；手足断，安可续？;traditionalChinese:兄弟如手足，妻子如衣服。

衣服破，尚可縫；手足斷，安可續？[26] Itmeansthatwivesandchildren,likeclothing,arereplaceableiflostbutthesamedoesnotholdtrueforone'sbrothers(orfriends). LiuBei"borrows"JingProvince–borrowingwithoutreturning. simplifiedChinese:刘备借荆州——有借无还;traditionalChinese:劉備借荆州——有借無還simplifiedChinese:刘备借荆州，一借无回头;traditionalChinese:劉備借荆州，一借無回頭 Thisproverbdescribesthesituationofapersonborrowingsomethingwithouttheintentionofreturningit. SpeakofCaoCaoandCaoCaoarrives. simplifiedChinese:说曹操，曹操到;traditionalChinese:說曹操，曹操到simplifiedChinese:说曹操曹操就到;traditionalChinese:說曹操曹操就到 Equivalenttospeakofthedevil.Describesthesituationofapersonappearingpreciselywhenbeingspokenabout. Threereekingtanners(areenoughto)overcomeoneZhugeLiang. simplifiedChinese:三个臭皮匠，胜过一个诸葛亮;traditionalChinese:三個臭皮匠，勝過一個諸葛亮simplifiedChinese:三个臭皮匠，赛过一个诸葛亮;traditionalChinese:三個臭皮匠，賽過一個諸葛亮simplifiedChinese:三个臭裨将，顶个诸葛亮;traditionalChinese:三个臭裨将，頂個諸葛亮 Threeinferiorpeoplecanoverpowerasuperiorpersonwhentheycombinetheirstrengths.Onevariationis"subordinategenerals"(simplifiedChinese:裨将;traditionalChinese:裨將;píjiàng)insteadof"tanners"(皮匠;píjiàng). EasternWuarrangesafalsemarriagethatturnsintoarealone. simplifiedChinese:东吴招亲——弄假成真;traditionalChinese:東吳招親——弄假成真 Whenaplantofalselyoffersomethingbackfireswiththeresultthatthethingoriginallyofferedisappropriatedbytheintendedvictimofthehoax. Losingtheladyandcripplingthearmy. simplifiedChinese:周郎妙计安天下，赔了夫人又折兵;traditionalChinese:周郎妙計安天下，賠了夫人又折兵 The"lady"lostherewasactuallySunQuan'ssisterLadySun.ZhouYu'splantocaptureLiuBeibymeansofafalsemarriageproposalfailedandLadySunreallybecameLiu'swife(seeabove).ZhouYulaterledhistroopsinanattempttoattackLiuBeibutfellintoanambushandsufferedacrushingdefeat.Thissayingisnowusedtodescribethesituationswhereapersoneithermakesdoublelossesinadealorlosesonbothsidesofit. EverypersononthestreetknowswhatisinSimaZhao'smind. simplifiedChinese:司马昭之心，路人皆知;traditionalChinese:司馬昭之心，路人皆知 AsSimaZhaograduallyrosetopowerinWei,hisintentiontousurpstatepowerbecamemoreobvious.TheyoungWeiemperorCaoMaooncelamentedtohisloyalministers,"EverypersononthestreetknowswhatisinSimaZhao'smind(thathewantedtousurpthethrone)."Thissayingisnowusedtodescribeasituationwhereaperson'sintentionorambitionisratherobvious. TheyoungshouldnotreadWaterMargin,andtheoldshouldnotreadThreeKingdoms. simplifiedChinese:少不读水浒,老不读三国;traditionalChinese:少不讀水滸,老不讀三國 Theformerdepictsthelivesofoutlawsandtheirdefianceofthesocialsystemandmayhaveanegativeinfluenceonadolescentboys,aswellasthenovel'sdepictionofgruesomeviolence.Thelatterpresentseverymannerofstratagemandfraudandmaytemptolderreaderstoengageinsuchthinking. ThewritingstyleadoptedbyRomanceoftheThreeKingdomswaspartoftheemergenceofwrittenvernacularduringtheMingperiod,aspartoftheso-called"FourMasterworks"(sidaqishu).[27] Buddhistaspects[edit] Seealso:ChineseBuddhism§ HanDynasty(206BCE–220CE) RomanceoftheThreeKingdomsrecordedstoriesofaBuddhistmonkcalledPujing(普净),whowasafriendofGuanYu.PujingmadehisfirstappearanceduringGuan'sarduousjourneyofcrossingfivepassesandslayingsixgenerals,inwhichhewarnedGuanofanassassinationplot.AsthenovelwaswrittenintheMingdynasty,morethan1,000yearsaftertheera,thesestoriesshowedthatBuddhismhadlongbeenasignificantingredientofthemainstreamcultureandmaynotbehistoricallyaccurate.[clarificationneeded]LuoGuanzhongpreservedthesedescriptionsfromearlierversionsofthenoveltosupporthisportraitofGuanasafaithfulmanofvirtue.Guanhassincethenbeenrespectfullyaddressedas"LordGuan"orGuanGong. Strategiesusedinbattles[edit] CreateSomethingfromNothing:Astrategytomakeanaudiencebelieveofsomething'sexistence,whenitinfactdoesnotexist.Ontheflipside,itcanbeusedtoconvinceothersthatnothingexists,whensomethingdoesexist.(Ch.36) BeautyTrap:Sendtheenemybeautifulwomentocausedisorderathissite.Thistrickcanworkinthreeways:firstly,therulercanbecomesoentrancedwiththefeminineallurethatheneglectsallelse.Secondly,themenwillstartcompetingforthefemales'attention,whichwillcausefrictionandrifts,andhinderscooperationanderadicatesmorale.Andlastly,otherwomenmotivatedbyjealousywillbegintoplot,onlyworseningtheentiresituation.Alsoknownasthe"HoneyTrap".(Ch.55–56) EmptyCity:Whentheenemyissuperiorinnumbersandyouareexpectingtobeattackedatanymoment,dropallpretensesofseeminglikeyou'repreparingsomethingmilitarilyandactcalm,sotheenemywillthinktwiceandwillthinkyou'resettingatraporanambush.Itisbestusedsparingly,andonlyifonehasthemilitaryaptitudetodoso.It'salsobestusedifone'senemyisanover-thinker.(Ch.95) TheJurchenchiefandKhanNurhacireadtheChinesenovelsRomanceoftheThreeKingdomsandWaterMarginlearningallheknewaboutChinesemilitaryandpoliticalstrategiesfromthem.[28][29][30] Translations[edit] AtranslatedversionofRomanceoftheThreeKingdomsinJavanese,fromearly20th-centuryIndonesia Thecoverofa1928ThailanguageappendixofthenoveltitledHistoryoftheRomanceoftheThreeKingdoms,withnotesbyPrinceDamrongRajanubhab,fromtheRoyalSocietyofThailand.RomanceoftheThreeKingdomshasbeendescribedashaving"atremendousimpactontheThaiworldview".[31] ThebookwastranslatedintoManchuasᡳᠯᠠᠨᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ ᡳᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝMöllendorff:ilangurun-ibithe.[32][33][34][35][36]DuringtheQingdynasty,ChinesemilitarymanualswereeagerlytranslatedbytheManchus,whowerealsoattractedtothemilitarycontentinRomanceoftheThreeKingdoms.[35] Englishtranslations[edit] TheRomanceoftheThreeKingdomshasbeentranslatedintoEnglishbynumerousscholars. Abridged[edit] Thefirstknowntranslationwasperformedin1907byJohnG.SteeleandconsistedofasinglechapterexcerptthatwasdistributedinChinatostudentslearningEnglishatPresbyterianmissionaryschools.[7]Z.Q.Parkerpublisheda1925translationcontainingfourepisodesfromthenovelincludingtheeventsoftheBattleofRedCliffs,whileYangXianyiandGladysYangpublishedexcerptsin1981,includingchapters43–50.[7]In1976,MossRobertspublishedanabridgedtranslationcontainingonefourthofthenovelincludingmapsandmorethan40woodblockillustrationsfromthreeChineseversionsofthenovel.[7]Roberts'abridgementisreader-friendly,beingwrittenforuseincollegesandtobereadbythegeneralpublic.[7] Unabridged[edit] Acompleteandfaithfultranslationofthenovelwaspublishedintwovolumesin1925byCharlesHenryBrewitt-Taylor,alongtimeofficialoftheChineseMaritimeCustomsService.[7]Thetranslationwaswellwritten,butlackedanysupplementarymaterialssuchasmapsorcharacterliststhatwouldaidWesternreaders;a1959reprintwaspublishedthatincludedmapsandanintroductionbyRoyAndrewMillertoassistforeignreaders.[7] Afterdecadesofwork,MossRobertspublishedafulltranslationin1991completewithanafterword,elevenmaps,alistofcharacters,titles,terms,andoffices,andalmost100pagesofnotesfromMaoZonggang'scommentariesandotherscholarlysources.[7]Roberts'completetranslationremainsfaithfultotheoriginal;itisreliableyetstillmatchesthetoneandstyleoftheclassictext.[7]YangYe,aprofessorinChineseLiteratureattheUCRiverside,wroteinEncyclopediaofLiteraryTranslationintoEnglish(1998)thatRoberts'translation"supersedesBrewitt-Taylor'stranslationandwillnodoubtremainthedefinitiveEnglishversionformanyyearstocome".[7]Roberts'translationwasrepublishedin1995bytheForeignLanguagesPresswithouttheillustrations.[37] In2014,Tuttlepublishedanew,three-volumetranslationofthenovel,translatedbyYuSumeiandeditedbyRonaldC.Iverson(ISBN 978-0804843935).Accordingtoitspublisher,thistranslationisanunabridged"dynamictranslation"intendedtobemorereadablethanpastEnglishtranslationsofthenovel.[38] Adaptations[edit] Foramorecomprehensivelist,seeListofmediaadaptationsofRomanceoftheThreeKingdoms. ThestoryoftheRomanceoftheThreeKingdomshasbeenretoldinnumerousformsincludingtelevisionseries,mangaandvideogames. Seealso[edit] ListsofpeopleoftheThreeKingdoms,listofhistoricalpeoplesignificanttotheThreeKingdomsperiod(220–280) ListoffictionalpeopleoftheThreeKingdoms,listoffictionalpeopleoftheThreeKingdomsperiod(220–280) ListoffictitiousstoriesinRomanceoftheThreeKingdoms TimelineoftheThreeKingdomsperiod MilitaryhistoryoftheThreeKingdoms EndoftheHandynasty RecordsoftheThreeKingdoms,primaryhistoricaltextonwhichthenovelisbased Citations[edit] ^abRoberts1991,pg.940 ^Kim,Hyung-eun(11July2008)."(Review)HistoricalChinafilmlivesuptoexpectations".KoreaJoongAngDaily.Archivedfromtheoriginalon25December2011.TheRomanceoftheThreeKingdomsiscomparabletotheBibleinEastAsia.It'soneofthemost-readifnot,themost-readclassicsintheregion. ^Shoji,Kaori(6November2008)."Waraswisdomandgore".TheJapanTimes.InEastAsia,RomanceisonparwiththeworksofShakespeare...inthesamewaythatpeopleinBritaingrowupstudyingHamletandMacbeth. ^Ng,On-cho;Wang,Q.Edward(2005).MirroringthePast:TheWritingandUseofHistoryinImperialChina.Honolulu:UniversityofHawaiiPress.p. 86.ISBN 0824829131. ^HerbertGiles(1901).AHistoryofChineseLiterature.London:W.Heinemann.p. 277.IfavoteweretakenamongthepeopleofChinaastothegreatestamongtheircountlessnovels,theStoryoftheThreeKingdomswouldindubitablycomeoutfirst. ^abPlaks,Andrew(1987).TheFourMasterworksoftheMingNovel:Ssutach'i-shu.Princeton:PrincetonUniversityPress.pp. 368–369.ISBN 9780691628202. ^abcdefghijEncyclopediaofLiteraryTranslationintoEnglish.Taylor&Francis.1998.pp. 1221–1222.ISBN 1-884964-36-2.Retrieved22September2011. ^abLo,Kuan-chung(2002).RomanceoftheThreeKingdoms.Vol. 1.C.H.Brewitt-Taylor(Translator),RobertE.Hegel(Introduction).Tuttle.pp. viii.ISBN 978-0-8048-3467-4. ^MossRoberts,"Afterword,"inLuo,ThreeKingdoms(Berkeley:UniversityofCaliforniaPress,1991),pp.938,964. ^Roberts,pp.946–53. ^abRoberts1991,pg.980 ^Roberts1991,pg.965 ^Roberts1991,pp.967–971 ^abLuo(1991),p. 5. ^Hegel2002,p.ix ^"TheImmortalsbytheRiver(楊慎臨江仙)滚滚长江东逝水".Vincent'sCalligraphy.Retrieved2August2016. ^BojunShen,translatedbyKimberlyBasio,"StudiesofThreeKingdomsintheNewCentury,"inBesioandTong,eds.,ThreeKingdomsandChineseCulture,p.154 ^Roberts1991,pg.981 ^Roberts1991,pg.954 ^Roberts1991,pp.958–9 ^Roberts1991,pp.959,983 ^abcMoodyJr.,PeterR.(April1975)."TheRomanceoftheThreeKingdomsandPopularChineseThought".TheReviewofPolitics.37(2):178–179.doi:10.1017/s0034670500023238. ^Luo2006,pg.14 ^Hegel2002,p.ix–x; ^ConstantineTung,"CosmicForeordinationandHumanCommitment:TheTragicVolitioninThreeKingdoms",inKimberlyAnnBesio,ConstantineTung.ThreeKingdomsandChineseCulture(Albany:SUNYPress,2007),p.4. ^LuoGuanzhong.RomanceoftheThreeKingdoms,Chapter15. ^LiangyanGe,"Outofthemargins:theriseofChinesevernacularfiction",UniversityofHawaiiPress,2001 ^Parker,Geoffrey(2013).GlobalCrisis:War,ClimateandCatastropheintheSeventeenthCentury(illustrated ed.).YaleUniversityPress.ISBN 978-0300189193. ^Swope,KennethM.(2014).TheMilitaryCollapseofChina'sMingDynasty,1618–44(illustrated ed.).Routledge.p. 16.ISBN 978-1134462094. ^Mair,VictorH.;Chen,Sanping;Wood,Frances(2013).ChineseLives:ThePeopleWhoMadeaCivilization(illustrated ed.).Thames&Hudson.ISBN 978-0500771471. ^Lee,KhoonChoy(2013).GoldenDragonandPurplePhoenix.WorldScientific.p. 16.ISBN 9789814518499.ThenovelhadatremendousimpactontheThaiworldview. ^Crossley,PamelaKyle;Rawski,EvelynS.(June1993)."AProfileofTheManchuLanguageinCh'ingHistory".HarvardJournalofAsiaticStudies.Harvard-YenchingInstitute.53(1):93.doi:10.2307/2719468.JSTOR 2719468. ^CulturalHybridityinManchuBannermenTales(zidishu).2007.pp. 25–.ISBN 978-0-549-44084-0. ^West,Andrew."TheTextualHistoryofSanguoYanyi:TheManchuTranslation".Retrieved11October2016. ^abDurrant,Stephen(1979)."Sino-manchuTranslationsattheMukdenCourt".JournaloftheAmericanOrientalSociety.99(4):653–61[654–656].doi:10.2307/601450.JSTOR 601450. ^CulturalHybridityinManchuBannermenTales(zidishu).2007.pp. 25–.ISBN 978-0-549-44084-0. ^"RomanceoftheThreeKingdoms".ChineseBookshop.Archivedfromtheoriginalon15June2012.Retrieved12March2012. ^Template,MadwireMedia,MADwhiteWireframeBC."TheThreeKingdoms,Volume1:TheSacredOath".TuttlePublishing.Retrieved27February2016. Referencesandfurtherreading[edit] Luo,Guanzhong,attributedto,translatedfromtheChinesewithafterwordandnotesbyMossRoberts(1991).ThreeKingdoms:AHistoricalNovel.Berkeley;Beijing:UniversityofCaliforniaPress;ForeignLanguagesPress.ISBN 0520068211. Hsia,Chih-tsing,"TheRomanceoftheThreeKingdoms,"inTheClassicChineseNovel:ACriticalIntroduction(1968)rpr.CornellEastAsiaSeries.Ithaca,N.Y.:EastAsiaProgram,CornellUniversity,1996. Luo,Guanzhong(2002)[1925].RomanceoftheThreeKingdoms.Vol. 1.EnglishtranslationbyCharlesH.Brewitt-Taylor,IntroductionbyRobertE.Hegel.Singapore:TuttlePublishing.ISBN 9780804834674. Luo,Guanzhong(2002)[1925].RomanceoftheThreeKingdoms.Vol. 2.EnglishtranslationbyCharlesH.Brewitt-Taylor,IntroductionbyRobertE.Hegel.Singapore:TuttlePublishing.ISBN 9780804834681. Luo,Guanzhong(2006).ThreeKingdoms.EnglishtranslationbyMossRoberts,IntroductionbyShiChangyu.Beijing:ForeignLanguagePress.ISBN 7-119-00590-1. LiChengli,ZhangQirong,WuJingyu.RomanceoftheThreeKingdoms(illustratedinEnglishandChinese)(2008)AsiapacBooks.ISBN 978-981-229-491-3 Besio,KimberlyAnnandConstantineTung,eds.,ThreeKingdomsandChineseCulture.Albany:StateUniversityofNewYorkPress,2007.ISBN 0791470113.Essaysonthisnovel'sliteraryaspects,useofhistory,andincontemporarypopularculture. Luo,Guanzhong(2014).TheThreeKingdoms.Vol. 1.EnglishtranslationbyYuSumei,EditedbyRonaldC.Iverson.Singapore:TuttlePublishing.ISBN 9780804843935. Luo,Guanzhong(2014).TheThreeKingdoms.Vol. 2.EnglishtranslationbyYuSumei,EditedbyRonaldC.Iverson.Singapore:TuttlePublishing.ISBN 9780804843942. Luo,Guanzhong(2014).TheThreeKingdoms.Vol. 3.EnglishtranslationbyYuSumei,EditedbyRonaldC.Iverson.Singapore:TuttlePublishing.ISBN 9780804843959. Externallinks[edit] WikiquotehasquotationsrelatedtoRomanceoftheThreeKingdoms. Wikisourcehasoriginaltextrelatedtothisarticle: Translation:RomanceoftheThreeKingdoms WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtoRomanceoftheThreeKingdoms. WikiversityhaslearningresourcesaboutRomanceoftheThreeKingdoms(byLuoGuanzhong) AndrewWest,TheTextualHistoryofSanguoYanyiTheMaoZonggangRecension,atSanguoYanyi三國演義.Basedontheauthor's,QuestfortheUrtext:TheTextualArchaeologyofTheThreeKingdoms(PhD.Dissertation.PrincetonUniversity,1993),andhis三國演義版本考(SanguoYanyiBanbenKaoStudyoftheEditionsofTheRomanceoftheThreeKingdoms)(Shanghai:ShanghaiGujiChubanshe,1996) AndrewWest,TheTextualHistoryofSanguoYanyi:TheManchuTranslation. ChinesetextwithembeddedChinese-EnglishdictionaryatChineseNotes BilingualChinese-EnglishversionattheChineseTextProject vteClassicChineseNovelsFourClassicNovels WaterMargin(mid-14thcentury) RomanceoftheThreeKingdoms(late14thcentury) JourneytotheWest(c.1592) DreamoftheRedChamber(mid-18thcentury) Additionalclassics ThePlumintheGoldenVase(c.1610) TheScholars(1750) vteLuoGuanzhong'sRomanceoftheThreeKingdomsBasedontheendoftheHanDynastyandtheThreeKingdomsperiodofChinaFictitioussubplots OathofthePeachGarden BattleofHulaoPass CharactersHistorical LiuBei GuanYu ZhangFei ZhugeLiang CaoCao SunQuan ZhouYu Fictional Diaochan ZhouCang GuanSuo AdaptationsandotherderivativeworksTheatre RedCliff(Pekingopera) Jeokbyeokga Films DingjunMountain(1905) TheWittySorcerer(1931) DiaoChan(1938) DiauCharn(1958) TiaoChan(1967) ThreeKingdoms:ResurrectionoftheDragon(2008) RedCliff(2008) TheLostBladesman(2011) TheAssassins(2012) TVAnimated YokoyamaMitsuteruSangokushi(1991) IkkiTousen(2003) KōtetsuSangokushi(2007) RomanceoftheThreeKingdoms(2009) SDGundamSangokudenBraveBattleWarriors(2010) SoulBuster(2016) SDGundamWorldSangokuSoketsuden(2019) Liveaction GodofRiverLok(1975) TheLegendaryPrimeMinister–ZhugeLiang(1985) ZhugeLiang(1985) RomanceoftheThreeKingdoms(1994) GuanGong(1996) TheLegendofGuanGong(2002) WheretheLegendBegins(2002) K.O.3anGuo(2009) characters episodes ThreeKingdoms(2010) ThreeKingdomsRPG(2012) Videogames RomanceoftheThreeKingdoms DynastyWarriors WarriorsOrochiseries KessenII TheSangoFighter DynastyWars WarriorsofFate DestinyofanEmperor ThreeKingdoms:FateoftheDragon KnightsofValour KoihimeMusō HeroesofThreeKingdoms AtlanticaOnline:ThreeKingdoms DragonThrone:BattleofRedCliffs TotalWar:ThreeKingdoms TheLegendofThreeKingdoms WoLong:FallenDynasty Comics TheRavagesofTime ThreeKingdoms Sangokushi SōtenKōro Ryūrōden TenchiwoKurau Qwan IkkiTousen Lord SDGundamSangokuden:RomanceoftheThreeKingdoms DragonSister! YawarakaSangokushiTsukisase!!Ryofuko-chan SoulBuster Cardgames PortalThreeKingdoms SangokushiTaisen LegendsoftheThreeKingdoms Portals: China Novels AuthoritycontrolGeneral VIAF 1 WorldCat(viaVIAF) Nationallibraries Germany Israel UnitedStates CzechRepublic Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romance_of_the_Three_Kingdoms&oldid=1093476141" Categories:RomanceoftheThreeKingdoms14th-centuryChinesenovelsHistoricalnovelsMingdynastynovelsNovelssetintheEasternHanNovelsadaptedintocomicsChinesenovelsadaptedintofilmsNovelsadaptedintovideogamesChinesenovelsadaptedintotelevisionseriesNovelssetinHenanNovelssetinSichuanNovelssetinJiangsuNovelssetinHubeiNovelssetinShaanxiNovelssetinShandongNovelssetinHebeiNovelssetinJiangxiNovelssetinHunanNovelssetinChongqingNovelssetinthe2ndcenturyNovelssetinthe3rdcenturyHiddencategories:ArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionmatchesWikidataUsedmydatesfromAugust2017UseBritishEnglishfromAugust2017ArticlescontainingChinese-languagetextArticlesthatlinktoforeign-languageWikisourcesArticlesthatlinktoWikisourceArticlescontainingtraditionalChinese-languagetextArticlescontainingsimplifiedChinese-languagetextAllarticleswithunsourcedstatementsArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromFebruary2019ArticlesneedingadditionalreferencesfromJune2018AllarticlesneedingadditionalreferencesWikipediaarticlesneedingclarificationfromAugust2015CommonscategorylinkfromWikidataArticleswithVIAFidentifiersArticleswithGNDidentifiersArticleswithJ9UidentifiersArticleswithLCCNidentifiersArticleswithNKCidentifiersArticleswithWorldCat-VIAFidentifiers Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk English Views ReadEditViewhistory More Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Inotherprojects WikimediaCommonsWikiquoteWikisource Languages AfrikaansالعربيةAsturianuBân-lâm-gúབོད་ཡིགCatalàČeštinaDanskDeutschEestiEspañolEsperantoEuskaraفارسیFrançais客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî한국어Հայերենहिन्दीBahasaIndonesiaItalianoעבריתLatinaMagyarമലയാളംBahasaMelayuMìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄МонголNederlands日本語Norskbokmålਪੰਜਾਬੀភាសាខ្មែរPolskiPortuguêsRomânăРусскийShqipSimpleEnglishSlovenčinaکوردیСрпски/srpskiSuomiSvenskaதமிழ்ไทยTürkçeУкраїнськаVahcuenghTiếngViệt文言Winaray吴语粵語中文 Editlinks