Reactionary - Wikipedia

In popular usage, reactionary refers to a strong traditionalist conservative political perspective of the person who is opposed to social, political, and ... Reactionary FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia Jumptonavigation Jumptosearch Politicalview PartofaseriesonConservatism Variants Cultural Fiscal Green Liberal Libertarian National Paternalistic Pragmatic Progressive Populist Social Traditionalist Concepts Complementarianism Culturalheritage Cultureoflife Familialism Familyvalues Naturallaw Naturalorder Publicmorality Tradition Traditionalauthority Thinkers Johnson Hume Burke More Maistre Bonald Haller Chateaubriand Coleridge Karamzin Savigny Carlyle Newman Tocqueville Cortés Taine LeBon Belloc Chesterton Savarkar Jünger Strauss Röpke Oakeshott Burnham Kuehnelt-Leddihn Kirk Buckley Mansfield Scruton Hitchens Politicians Adams Pitt Canning Metternich Disraeli Bismarck Salisbury Dmowski Baldwin Maurras Salazar Gaulle Franco Mukherjee Reagan Powell Thatcher Kohl Organizations CentristDemocratInternational EuropeanConservativesandReformistsParty EuropeanPeople'sParty InternationalDemocratUnion MuslimBrotherhood Tradition,Family,Property Religiousconservatism Christianright Theoconservatism Clericalism Hindu Jewish Islamic TraditionalistCatholicism Integralism Ultramontanism Nationalvariants Australia Belgium Belize Brazil Canada Blue Red Social China Colombia Cuba Denmark Finland France ActionFrançaise Gaullism Maurassisme Germany Revolutionary StateSocialism Greece Guatemala HongKong India Hindutva Mexico NewZealand Pakistan Panama Russia Eurasianism Putinism Serbia Spain Carlism Francoism Switzerland SouthKorea Taiwan Turkey Democracy Erdoğanism UnitedKingdom One-nation Thatcherism Toryism UnitedStates Compassionate Fusionism Movement Neo Paleo Trumpism Relatedtopics AncienRégime Anti-communism Aristocracy Corporatism Counter-revolutionary Elitetheory Conservativefeminism LGBTconservatism Maternalism Monarchism Nativism Patriarchy Radicalright Europe UnitedStates Reactionary Neo Right-wingpolitics New Old Small-cconservative  Conservatismportal  Politicsportalvte Inpoliticalscience,areactionaryorareactionistisapersonwhoholdspoliticalviewsthatfavourareturntothestatusquoante,thepreviouspoliticalstateofsociety,whichthatpersonbelievespossessedpositivecharacteristicsabsentfromcontemporarysociety.Asadescriptorterm,reactionaryderivesfromtheideologicalcontextoftheleft–rightpoliticalspectrum.Asanadjective,thewordreactionarydescribespointsofviewandpoliciesmeanttorestoreapaststatusquoante.[1] Inideology,reactionismisatraditioninright-wingpolitics;[2]thereactionarystanceopposespoliciesforthesocialtransformationofsociety,whereasconservativesseektopreservethesocio-economicstructureandorderthatexistsinthepresent.[3]Inpopularusage,reactionaryreferstoastrongtraditionalistconservativepoliticalperspectiveofthepersonwhoisopposedtosocial,political,andeconomicchange.[4][5] Reactionaryideologiescanberadicalinthesenseofpoliticalextremisminservicetore-establishingpastconditions.Inpoliticaldiscourse,beingareactionaryisgenerallyregardedasnegative;PeterKingobservedthatitis"anunsought-forlabel,usedasatormentratherthanabadgeofhonor."[6]Despitethis,thedescriptor"politicalreactionary"hasbeenadoptedbywriterssuchastheAustrianmonarchistErikvonKuehnelt-Leddihn,[7]theScottishjournalistGeraldWarnerofCraigenmaddie,[8]theColombianpoliticaltheologianNicolásGómezDávila,andtheAmericanhistorianJohnLukacs.[9] Contents 1Historyandusage 1.1ThermidorianReaction 1.2RestorationoftheFrenchmonarchy 1.3Clericalphilosophers 1.4Metternichandcontainment 1.520thcentury 1.621stcentury 2Seealso 3References 4Bibliography Historyandusage[edit] Seealso:GlossaryoftheFrenchRevolutionandListofpeopleassociatedwiththeFrenchRevolution TheFrenchRevolutiongavetheEnglishlanguagethreepoliticallydescriptivewordsdenotinganti-progressivepolitics:(i)"reactionary",(ii)"conservative",and(iii)"right"."Reactionary"derivesfromtheFrenchwordréactionnaire(alate18thcenturycoinagebasedonthewordréaction,"reaction")and"conservative"fromconservateur,identifyingmonarchistparliamentariansopposedtotherevolution.[10]InthisFrenchusage,reactionarydenotes"amovementtowardsthereversalofanexistingtendencyorstate"anda"returntoapreviousconditionofaffairs".TheOxfordEnglishDictionarycitesthefirstEnglishlanguageusagein1799inatranslationofLazareCarnot'sletterontheCoupof18Fructidor.[11] Severalrevolutionsoccurredin1848andearly1849,beforereactionaryforcesregainedcontrolandtherevolutionscollapsed. DuringtheFrenchRevolution,conservativeforces(especiallywithintheCatholicChurch)organizedoppositiontotheprogressivesociopoliticalandeconomicchangesbroughtbytheRevolution;andsoConservativesfoughttorestorethetemporalauthorityoftheChurchandCrown.In19thCenturyEuropeanpolitics,thereactionaryclassincludedtheCatholicChurch'shierarchyandthearistocracy,royalfamiliesandroyalistswhobelievedthatnationalgovernmentwasthesoledomainoftheChurchandtheState.InFrance,supportersoftraditionalrulebydirectheirsoftheHouseofBourbondynastywerelabelledthelegitimistreaction.IntheThirdRepublic,themonarchistswerethereactionaryfaction,laterrenamedConservative.[10] Inthe19thcentury,reactionarydenotedpeoplewhoidealizedfeudalismandthepre-modernera—beforetheIndustrialRevolutionandtheFrenchRevolution—wheneconomiesweremostlyagrarian,alandedaristocracydominatedsociety,ahereditarykingruledandtheCatholicChurchwassociety'smoralcentre.Thoselabelledas"reactionary"favouredthearistocracyinsteadofthemiddleclassandtheworkingclass.Reactionariesopposeddemocracyandparliamentarism. ThermidorianReaction[edit] Mainarticle:ThermidorianReaction TheThermidorianReactionwasamovementwithintheFrenchRevolutionagainstperceivedexcessesoftheJacobins.On27July1794(9ThermidoryearIIintheFrenchRepublicanCalendar),MaximilienRobespierre'sReignofTerrorwasbroughttoanend.TheoverthrowofRobespierresignalledthereassertionoftheFrenchNationalConventionovertheCommitteeofPublicSafety.TheJacobinsweresuppressed,theprisonswereemptiedandtheCommitteewasshornofitspowers.Aftertheexecutionofsome104Robespierresupporters,theThermidorianReactionstoppedtheuseoftheguillotineagainstallegedcounter-revolutionaries,setamiddlecoursebetweenthemonarchistsandtheradicalsandusheredinatimeofrelativeexuberanceanditsaccompanyingcorruption. RestorationoftheFrenchmonarchy[edit] Seealso:BourbonRestorationinFrance CaricatureofLouisXVIIIpreparingfortheFrenchinterventioninSpaintohelptheSpanishRoyalists,byGeorgeCruikshank WiththeCongressofVienna,inspiredbyTsarAlexanderIofRussia,themonarchsofRussia,PrussiaandAustriaformedtheHolyAlliance,aformofcollectivesecurityagainstrevolutionandBonapartism.ThisinstanceofreactionwassurpassedbyamovementthatdevelopedinFrancewhen,afterthesecondfallofNapoleon,theBourbonRestorationorreinstatementoftheBourbondynasty,ensued.Thistimeitwastobeaconstitutionalmonarchy,withanelectedlowerhouseofparliament,theChamberofDeputies.TheFranchisewasrestrictedtomenovertheageofforty,whichindicatedthatforthefirstfifteenyearsoftheirlivestheyhadlivedundertheancienrégime.Nevertheless,KingLouisXVIIIwasworriedthathewouldstillsufferanintractableparliament.Hewasdelightedwiththeultra-royalists,orUltras,whomtheelectionreturned,declaringthathehadfoundachambreintrouvable,literally,an"unfindablehouse". ItwastheDeclarationofSaint-OuenthatpreparedthewayfortheRestoration.BeforetheFrenchRevolution,whichradicallyandbloodilyoverthrewmostaspectsofFrenchsociety'sorganisation,theonlywayconstitutionalchangecouldbeinstitutedwasbyextractingitfromoldlegaldocumentsthatcouldbeinterpretedasagreeingwiththeproposal.Everythingnewhadtobeexpressedasarighteousrevivalofsomethingoldthathadlapsedandhadbeenforgotten.Thiswasalsothemeansusedfordiminishedaristocratstogetthemselvesabiggerpieceofthepie.Inthe18thcentury,thosegentrywhosefortunesandprestigehaddiminishedtothelevelofpeasantswouldsearchdiligentlyforeveryancientfeudalstatutethatmightgivethemsomething.The"ban,"forexample,meantthatallpeasantshadtogrindtheirgrainintheirlord'smill.Therefore,thesegentrycametotheFrenchStates-Generalof1789fullypreparedtopressfortheexpansionofsuchpracticesinallprovinces,tothelegallimit.Theywerehorrifiedwhen,forexample,theFrenchRevolutionpermittedcommoncitizenstogohunting,oneofthefewperquisitesthattheyhadalwaysenjoyedeverywhere. ThuswiththeBourbonsRestoration,theChambreIntrouvablesetaboutrevertingeverylawtoreturnsocietytoconditionspriortotheabsolutemonarchyofLouisXIV,whenthepoweroftheSecondEstatewasatitszenith.Itisthiswhichclearlydistinguishesa"reactionary"froma"conservative."Theconservativewouldhaveacceptedmanyimprovementsbroughtaboutbytherevolution,andsimplyrefusedaprogramofwholesalereversion.Useoftheword"reactionary"inlaterdaysasapoliticalsluristhusoftenrhetorical,sincethereisnothingdirectlycomparablewiththeChambreIntrouvableinthehistoryofothercountries. Clericalphilosophers[edit] Mainarticle:Clericalphilosophers Intherevolution'saftermath,Francewascontinuallywrackedwiththequarrelsbetweentheright-winglegitimistsandleft-wingrevolutionaries.Hereinarosetheclericalphilosophers—JosephdeMaistre,LouisdeBonald,François-RenédeChateaubriand—whoseanswerwasrestoringtheHouseofBourbonandreinstallingtheCatholicChurchastheestablishedchurch.Sincethen,France'spoliticalspectrumhasfeaturedsimilardivisions.(seeActionFrançaise).Theideasoftheclericalphilosopherswerebuttressedbytheteachingsofthe19thcenturypopes.[citationneeded] Metternichandcontainment[edit] Seealso:AgeofMetternich Duringtheperiodof1815–1848,PrinceMetternich,theforeignministeroftheAustrianEmpire,steppedintoorganisecontainmentofrevolutionaryforcesthroughinternationalalliancesmeanttopreventthespreadofrevolutionaryfervour.AttheCongressofVienna,hewasveryinfluentialinestablishingtheneworder,theConcertofEurope,afterthedefeatofNapoleon. AftertheCongress,PrinceMetternichworkedhardbolsteringandstabilisingtheconservativeregimeoftheRestorationperiod.HeworkedfuriouslytopreventRussia'sTsarAlexanderI(whoaidedtheliberalforcesinGermany,ItalyandFrance)fromgaininginfluenceinEurope.TheChurchwashisprincipalally.Hepromoteditasaconservativeprincipleoforder,whileopposingnationalistandliberaltendencieswithintheChurch.HisbasicphilosophywasbasedonEdmundBurke,whochampionedtheneedforoldrootsandanorderlydevelopmentofsociety.Heopposeddemocraticandparliamentaryinstitutionsbutfavouredmodernisingexistingstructuresbygradualreform.DespiteMetternich'seffortsaseriesofrevolutionsrockedEuropein1848. 20thcentury[edit] Seealso:Reactionarymodernism 1932posteroftheFrenchRadicalParty(PRRRS)againsttheattemptbytheLavalgovernmenttoreplacethetwo-roundsystem,whichfavoredtheRadicals,withplurality.("Thetwo-roundsuffragewillovercomethereaction.") Inthe20thcentury,proponentsofsocialismandcommunismusedthetermreactionarypolemicallytolabeltheirenemies,suchastheWhiteArmies,whofoughtintheRussianCivilWaragainsttheBolsheviksaftertheOctoberRevolution.InMarxistterminology,reactionaryisapejorativeadjectivedenotingpeoplewhoseideasmightappeartobesocialist,but,intheiropinion,containelementsoffeudalism,capitalism,nationalism,fascismorothercharacteristicsoftherulingclass,includingusagebetweenconflictingfactionsofMarxistmovements.[citationneeded]Non-socialistsdidalsousethelabelreactionary,withBritishdiplomatSirJohnJordannicknamingtheChineseRoyalistPartythe"reactionaryparty"forsupportingtheQingdynastyandopposingrepublicanismduringtheXinhaiRevolutionin1912.[12] Reactionaryisalsousedtodenotesupportersofauthoritariananti-communistrégimessuchasVichyFrance,SpainunderFranco,andPortugalunderSalazar.OneexampleofthistookplaceafterBorisPasternakwasawardedtheNobelPrizeforLiterature.On26October1958,thedayfollowingtheNobelCommittee'sannouncement,Moscow'sLiteraryGazetteranapolemicalarticlebyDavidZaslavskientitled,ReactionaryPropagandaUproaroveraLiteraryWeed.[13] Reactionaryfeelingswereoftencoupledwithahostilitytomodern,industrialmeansofproductionandanostalgiaforamoreruralsociety.TheVichyregimeinFrance,Franco'sregime,theSalazarregimeinPortugalandMaurras'sActionFrançaisepoliticalmovementsareexamplesofsuchtraditionalreactionaryfeelings,infavourofauthoritarianregimeswithstrong(andoftenunelected)leadersandwithCatholicismasastatereligion.ThemottoofVichyFrancewas"travail,famille,patrie"("work,family,homeland"),anditsleader,MarshalPhilippePétain,declaredthat"laterre,ellenementpas"("theearth,itdoesnotlie")inanindicationofhisbeliefthatthetruestlifeisruralandagrarian.[citationneeded] TheItalianFascistsshowedadesiretobringaboutanewsocialorderbasedontheancientfeudalprincipleofdelegation(thoughwithoutserfdom)intheirenthusiasmforthecorporatestate.BenitoMussolinisaidthat"fascismisreaction"andthat"fascism,whichdidnotfeartocallitselfreactionary...hasnottodayanyimpedimentagainstdeclaringitselfilliberalandanti-liberal."[14]GiovanniGentileandMussolinialsoattackedcertainreactionarypolicies,particularlymonarchism,andmoreveiledsomeaspectsofItalianconservativeCatholicism.Theywrote,"Historydoesn'ttravelbackwards.ThefascistdoctrinehasnottakenJosephdeMaistreasitsprophet.Monarchicalabsolutismisofthepast,andsoisecclesiolatry."Theyfurtherelaboratedinthepoliticaldoctrinethatfascism"isnotreactionary[intheoldway]butrevolutionary."Conversely,theyalsoexplainedthatfascismwasoftheright,notoftheleft.FascismwascertainlynotsimplyareturntotraditionasitcarriedthecentralisedStatebeyondevenwhathadbeenseeninabsolutemonarchies.Fascistone-partystateswereascentralisedasmostcommuniststates,andfascism'sintensenationalismwasnotfoundintheperiodpriortotheFrenchRevolution.[citationneeded] AlthoughtheGermanNazisdidnotconsiderthemselvesfascistsorreactionaries,andcondemnedthetraditionalGermanforcesofreaction(Prussianmonarchists,Junkernobility,andRomanCatholicclergy)asbeingamongtheirenemies,nexttotheirRedFrontenemiesintheNaziPartymarchDieFahnehoch,theyvirulentlyopposedrevolutionaryleftism.ThefactthattheNaziscalledtheir1933risetopowertheVolksgemeinschaft(nationalrevolution)showedthat,liketheItalianFascists,theysupportedsomeformofrevolution;however,theGermansandItalianfascistsbothidealisedtradition,folklore,andthetenetsofclassicalthoughtandleadership,asexemplifiedinNazi-eraGermanybytheidolizationofFredericktheGreat.TheyalsorejectedtheWeimarRepublicparliamentaryeraundertheWeimarConstitution,whichhadsucceededthemonarchyin1918,despiteitalsobeingcapitalistandclassicalinnature.Althoughclaimingtobeseparatefromreactionism,theNazis'rejectionofWeimarwasbasedonostensiblyreactionaryprinciples,astheNazisclaimedthattheparliamentarysystemwassimplythefirststeptowardsBolshevism,andinsteadidealizedmorereactionarypartsofGermany'spast.TheyreferredtoNaziGermanyastheGermanRealmandinformallyastheDrittesReich(ThirdRealm),areferencetopastreactionaryGermanentities:theHolyRomanEmpire(FirstRealm)andtheGermanEmpire(SecondRealm).[citationneeded] Clericalistmovements,sometimeslabelledasclericalfascistbytheircritics,canbeconsideredreactionariesintermsofthe19thcentury,sincetheysharesomeelementsoffascism,whileatthesametimepromoteareturntothepre-revolutionarymodelofsocialrelations,withastrongrolefortheChurch.TheirutmostphilosopherwasNicolásGómezDávila.[citationneeded] PoliticalscientistCoreyRobinarguesthatmodernconservatismintheUnitedStatesisfundamentallyreactionaryinhisbookTheReactionaryMind.[15] 21stcentury[edit] Mainarticles:DarkEnlightenmentandNipponKaigi Warningagainstvisiting"reactionary"websitesinaVietnameseinternetcafé Japan'sright-wingnationalistandpopulistmovementorrelatedorganizations,whichemergedrapidlyfromthelate20thcentury,areconsidered"reactionary"becausetheyrevisedthepostwarpeaceconstitutionandhaveaadvocatingattitudetowardtheJapaneseEmpire.[16] "Neo-reactionary"isatermappliedto,andsometimesaself-descriptionof,aninformalgroupofonlinepoliticaltheoristswhohavebeenactivesincethe2000s.[17]Thephrase"neo-reactionary"wascoinedby"MenciusMoldbug"(thepseudonymofCurtisYarvin,acomputerprogrammer)in2008.[18][19]ArnoldKlinguseditin2010todescribe"Moldbug"andthesubculturequicklyadoptedit.[17]Proponentsofthe"Neo-reactionary"movement(alsocalledthe"DarkEnlightenment"movement)includephilosopherNickLand,amongothers.[20] Seealso[edit] Anti-modernism Backlash(sociology) Fundamentalism Loyalism Radicalpolitics Restoration(disambiguation) Romanticism Royalism References[edit] ^TheNewFontanaDictionaryofModernThoughtThirdEdition,(1999)p.729. ^TheNewFontanaDictionaryofModernThoughtThirdEdition,(1999)p.729. ^Lilla,Mark(2016)."Introduction".TheShipwreckedMind.NewYorkReviewBooks.pp. xii. ^"reactionary".Lexico. ^"reactionary".Merriam-Webster. ^King,Peter.Reaction:Againstthemodernworld.AndrewsUKLimited,2012. ^CredoofaReactionarybyErikvonKuehnelt-Leddihn–TheAmericanMercury,underhisaliasFrancisStuartCampbell ^"ScrapthemeaninglesstermsLeftandRightandreclaimthehonourabletitle'reactionary'".TheDailyTelegraph.27July2010.Archivedfromtheoriginalon30July2010. ^Lukacs,John(2000).ConfessionsofanOriginalSinner.ISBN 9781890318123. ^abTheGovernmentsofEurope,FredericAustinOGG,Rev.Ed.,TheMacMillanCo.,1922,p.485. ^Carnot,L.N.M.(1799).ReplyofL.N.M.Carnot,citizenofFrance...tothereportmadeontheconspiracyofthe18thFructidor(3rd ed.).London:J.Wright.p. 149.Retrieved11March2012. ^Kit-ching(1978),p. 51. ^OlgaIvinskaya,ACaptiveofTime:MyYearswithPasternak,Doubleday,1978.Page224. ^Gerarchia,March,1923quotedinGeorgeSeldes,FactsandFascism,eighthedition,NewYork:InFact,1943,p.277. ^"About".CoreyRobin.Retrieved14February2015. ^YulSohn,T.J.Pempel,ed.(2018).JapanandAsia'sContestedOrder:TheInterplayofSecurity,Economics,andIdentity.SpringerScience+BusinessMedia.p. 148.ISBN 9789811302565.thereactionarygroupNipponKaigi(JapanConference)—hasbeenwagingwaroveritssharedpastwithChinaandSouthKoreaonbattlegroundsrangingfromYasukuniShrinetotheUnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization(UNESCO). ^abFinley,Klint(22November2013)."GeeksforMonarchy:TheRiseoftheNeoreactionaries".TechCrunch. ^"UnqualifiedReservations".Retrieved14February2015. ^"UnqualifiedReservations".Retrieved14February2015.(GeorgeOrwelluseditinadifferentcontextin1943–Orwell,George(24December1943)."AsIPlease".Tribune.) ^Walther,Matthew(January23,2014)."TheDarkEnlightenmentIsSillyNotScary".TheAmericanSpectator.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2014-01-26.Retrieved2October2014. Bibliography[edit] LibertyorEquality,ErikvonKuehnelt-Leddihn,ChristendomPress,FrontRoyal,Virginia,1993. LiberalismandtheChallengeofFascism,SocialForcesinEnglandandFrance1815-1870,J.SalwynSchapiro,McGraw-HillBookCo.,Inc.,NY,1949.(withover34mentionsoftheword"reactionary"inpoliticalcontext) TheReactionaryRevolution,TheCatholicRevivalinFrenchLiterature,1870/1914,RichardGriffiths,FrederickUngarPublishingCo.,NY,1965. OxfordEnglishDictionary,20Vol.31referencesontheuseoftheterm. Kit-ching,ChanLau(1978).Anglo-ChineseDiplomacy1906-1920:IntheCareersofSirJohnJordanandYüanShih-kai(inGerman).HongKong:HongKongUniversityPress.ISBN 962-209-010-9. vtePoliticalspectrum Far-left Left Centre-left Centre Centre-right Right Far-right Politicalpositions Post-leftism Ultra-leftism Anti-Stalinistleft NewLeft CentristMarxism ThirdWay Radicalcentrism NewRightPoliticalideologies Anarchism Marxism Communism Socialism Socialdemocracy Liberalism Christiandemocracy Conservatism Nationalism Fascism NazismReligiouspolitics Buddhistsocialism Christianleft Jewishleft Muslimleft Christianright Hindutva Islamism Islamicconservatism Islamanddemocracy ReligiousZionismPoliticalpejoratives Baizuo Champagnesocialist Hardleft Liberalelite Loonyleft Moonbat Redfascist Regressiveleft Socialfascism Socialimperialism Socialjusticewarrior Softleft WingnutModels Horseshoetheory Left–rightpoliticalspectrum NolanChart Overtonwindow Open–closedpoliticalspectrum ThePoliticalCompass Pournellechart Right-wingauthoritarianismSeealso Anti-authoritarianism Libertarianism Syndicalism Progressivism Greenpolitics Identitypolitics Corporatism Authoritarianism Totalitarianism Revolutionary Reactionary Anti-establishment Collectivism Communitarianism TheEstablishment Individualism Hardline Populism Radicalpolitics Triangulation vteListofpoliticalideologies Anti-establishment Centrism Hardline Left-wingpolitics Reactionary Revolutionary Right-wingpolitics TheEstablishment Agrarianism Anarchism Authoritarianism Capitalism Centrism Christiandemocracy Collectivism Colonialism Communalism Communism Communitarianism Conservatism Constitutionalism Democracy Distributism Environmentalism Extremism Familialism Fanaticism Fascism Federalism Feminism Fundamentalism Globalism Green Hindunationalism(Hindutva) Imperialism Individualism Industrialism Intellectualism Interculturalism Internationalism Islamism Leftism Legalism Liberalism Libertarianism Marxism Masculism Militarism Monarchism Monoculturalism Multiculturalism Nationalism Nazism Nihilism Pacifism Politicalradicalism Populism Progressiveconservatism Progressivism Reformism Republicanism Rightism Royalism Secularism Separatism Socialanarchism Socialcredit Socialdemocracy Socialism Statism Syncretism Technocracy ThirdWay Totalitarianism Utilitarianism Zionism Authoritycontrol:Nationallibraries Germany Israel UnitedStates Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reactionary&oldid=1083677637" Categories:Reactionary1790sneologismsCounter-revolutionariesClericalismFar-rightpoliticsFascismFeudalismMonarchismPoliticaltheoriesRight-wingpoliticsRevolutionterminologyTheocracyCognitiveinertiaHiddencategories:ArticleswithshortdescriptionShortdescriptionisdifferentfromWikidataAllarticleswithunsourcedstatementsArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromMay2011ArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromNovember2018ArticleswithunsourcedstatementsfromNovember2021CS1German-languagesources(de)ArticleswithGNDidentifiersArticleswithJ9UidentifiersArticleswithLCCNidentifiers Navigationmenu Personaltools NotloggedinTalkContributionsCreateaccountLogin Namespaces ArticleTalk English Views ReadEditViewhistory More Search Navigation MainpageContentsCurrenteventsRandomarticleAboutWikipediaContactusDonate Contribute HelpLearntoeditCommunityportalRecentchangesUploadfile Tools WhatlinkshereRelatedchangesUploadfileSpecialpagesPermanentlinkPageinformationCitethispageWikidataitem Print/export DownloadasPDFPrintableversion Languages AlemannischالعربيةAzərbaycancaБеларускаяБългарскиБуряадCatalàČeštinaDanskDeutschEestiΕλληνικάEspañolEsperantoEuskaraفارسیFrançais한국어HrvatskiBahasaIndonesiaItalianoעבריתქართულიҚазақшаКыргызчаLatviešuمصرىBahasaMelayuNederlands日本語NorskbokmålPolskiPortuguêsRomânăРусскийSimpleEnglishSrpskohrvatski/српскохрватскиSuomiSvenskaไทยTürkçeУкраїнськаTiếngViệtZazaki中文 Editlinks